
電子教案《職教高考 英語 總復習》2第十三章 構 詞 法第一部分 基 礎 知 識【知識點一】 構詞法的類別英語構詞法主要有合成法、轉化法、派生法、混合(成)法、截短法和首尾字母縮略法,但學生只需要重點掌握合成法和派生法?!局R點二】 構詞法的定義與講解1. 轉化法英語中,有的名詞可作動詞,有的形容詞可作副詞或動詞,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉化法。(1)動詞轉化為名詞。①很多動詞可以轉化為名詞,大多數(shù)情況下,其意思沒有多大的變化。如:Let's go out for a walk. 我們到外面去散散步吧。②有時其意思有一定的變化。如:He is a man of strong build. 他是一個體格健壯的男子。③有的與一個動詞和不定冠詞構成短語,表示一個動作。如:Let's have a swim. 咱們游泳吧。(2)名詞轉化為動詞。①表示物件的名詞。如:Did you book a seat on the plane? 你訂好飛機座位了嗎?②表示身體部位的名詞。如:Please hand me the book. 請把那本書遞給我。③表示某類人的名詞。如:She nursed her husband back to health. 她看護著丈夫,使他恢復了健康。④某些抽象名詞也可作動詞。如:We lunched together. 我們在一起吃了午餐。(3)形容詞轉化為動詞。如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。(4)副詞轉化為動詞。如:Murder will out. 惡事終將敗露。(5)形容詞轉化為名詞。①表示顏色的形容詞。如:You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬禮上應該穿黑色衣服。②某些形容詞,如old、 young、 poor、 rich、 wounded、 injured等與the連用,表示一類人。作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如:The old in our village are living a happy life. 我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。2. 派生法在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。(1)前綴。除少數(shù)前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,但不改變詞性。①表示否定意義的前綴有dis-、 il-、 im-、 in-、 ir-、 mis-、 non-、 un-等。appear 出現(xiàn)→disappear 消失 correct 正確的→incorrect 不正確的lead 帶領→mislead 誤導stop 停下→non-stop 不停②表示其他意義的前綴,常用的有a-(多構成表語形容詞)、 anti-(反對、抵抗)、 auto-(自動)、 co-(共同)、 en-(使)、 inter-(互相)、 re-(再、又)、 sub-(下面的)、 tele-(強調距離)等。alone 單獨的 antigas 防毒氣的 autochart 自動圖表cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高興 internet 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse 再用 subway 地鐵 telephone 電話(2)后綴。英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構成新詞,也可加后綴構成新詞。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性,構成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會改變詞義,變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。①構成名詞的后綴有-ence、 -(e)r/-or(從事某事的人)、 -ese(某地人)、 -ess(雌性)、 -ful(充滿……的;一……)、 -ian(精通……的人)、 -ist(專業(yè)人員)、 -ment(性質,狀態(tài))、 -ness(性質,狀態(tài))、 -tion(動作,過程)等。differ 不同于→difference 區(qū)別 write 寫→writer 作家Japan 日本→Japanese 日本人 act 表演→actress 女演員mouth 口→mouthful 一口 music 音樂→musician 音樂家②構成動詞的后綴有-(e)n(多用于形容詞之后)、 -fy(使……化)、 -ize(使……成為)等。wide 寬的→widen 加寬 beauty 美麗→beautify 美化pure 純的→purify 提純 real 真實的→realize 意識到organ 器官→organize 組織③構成形容詞的后綴有-al、 -able (有能力的)、 -(a)n(某國人的)、 -en(多用于表示材料的名詞后)、 -ern(方向的)、 -ese(某國人的)、 -ful、 -(ic)al、 -ish、 -ive、 -less(表示否定)、 -like(像……的)、 -ly、 -ous、 -some、 -y(表示天氣)等。nature 自然→natural 自然的 reason 道理→reasonable 有道理的America 美國→American 美國的 China 中國→Chinese 中國人的gold 金子→golden 金的 east 東→eastern 東方的child 孩子→childish 孩子氣的 snow 雪→snowy 下雪的④構成副詞的后綴有-ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度), -ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)等。angry 生氣的→angrily 生氣地 to 到→towards 朝……,向……east 東方→eastward 向東⑤構成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen(十幾)、 -ty(幾十)、 -th(構成序數(shù)詞)等。six 六→sixteen 十六→sixteenth 第十六 four 四→forty 四十→fortieth 第四十3. 合成法(1)合成名詞。①名詞+名詞,如weekend (周末)。②名詞+動詞,如daybreak (黎明)。③名詞+動名詞,如handwriting (書法)。④名詞+及物動詞+er/or,如pain-killer (止痛藥)。⑤名詞+介詞+名詞,如editor-in-chief (主編;總編輯)。⑥動詞+名詞,如typewriter (打字機)。⑦動名詞+名詞,如reading-room(閱覽室)。⑧現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞,如flying-fish(飛魚)。⑨形容詞+名詞,如gentleman(紳士)。⑩副詞+動詞,如outbreak(爆發(fā))。?介詞+名詞,如afternoon(下午)。?代詞+名詞,如she-wolf(母狼)。(2)合成形容詞。①名詞+形容詞,如snow-white(雪白的)。②名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如English-speaking(講英語的)。③名詞+to+名詞,如face-to-face(面對面的)。④名詞+過去分詞,如man-made(人造的)。⑤數(shù)詞+名詞,如one-way(單行的)。⑥數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞,如two-year-old(兩歲的)。⑦數(shù)詞+名詞+ed,如five-storeyed(五層的)。⑧動詞+副詞,如see-through(透明的)。⑨形容詞+名詞,如high-class(高級的)。⑩形容詞+名詞+ed,如noble-minded(高尚的)。?形容詞+形容詞,如light-blue(淺藍色的)。?形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如good-looking(相貌好看的)。?副詞+形容詞,如ever-green(常青的)。?副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,如hard-working(勤勞的)。?副詞+過去分詞,如well-known(著名的)。?副詞+名詞,如fast-food(專門提供快餐服務的)。?介詞+名詞,如downhill(下坡的)。(3)合成動詞。①名詞+動詞,如sleep-walk(夢游)。②形容詞+動詞,如white-wash(粉刷)。③副詞+動詞,如overthrow(推翻)。(4)合成副詞。①形容詞+名詞,如hotfoot(匆忙地)。②形容詞+副詞,如everywhere(到處)。③副詞+副詞,如however(無論如何)。④介詞+名詞,如beforehand(事先)。⑤介詞+副詞,如forever(永遠)。(5)合成代詞。①代詞賓格+self,如herself(她自己)。②物主代詞+self,如myself(我自己)。③形容詞+名詞,如anything(任何東西)。(6)合成介詞。①副詞+名詞,如inside(在……里面)。②介詞+副詞,如within(在……之內)。③副詞+介詞,如into(進入)。4. 截短法(縮略法)截短法,即將單詞縮寫,詞義和詞性保持不變,主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。(1)截頭。telephone→phone 電話 aeroplane→plane 飛機 omnibus→bus 公共汽車(2)去尾。mathematics→math 數(shù)學 co-operate→co-op 合作 examination→exam 考試 kilogram→kilo 千克 laboratory→lab 實驗室 taxicab→taxi 出租車(3)截頭去尾。influenza→flu 流感 refrigerator→fridge 冰箱5. 混合法(混成法)混合法,即將兩個詞混合或各取一部分緊縮成一個新詞。后半部分表示主體,前半部分表示屬性。news broadcast→newscast 新聞廣播 television broadcast→telecast 電視廣播smoke and fog→smog 煙霧 helicopter airport→heliport 直升機場6. 首尾字母縮略法首尾字母縮略法,即用單詞首尾字母組成一個新詞。其讀音主要有兩種形式,即各字母分別讀音和作為一個單詞讀音。very important person→VIP 重要人物(讀字母音)television→TV 電視(讀字母音)Test of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL 托福(讀單詞音)【例1】 (2020年甘肅省分類考試)There are forty-five ________ in Shanghai Vocational school.( ) A. woman teachers B. woman teacher C. women teachers D. women teacher例1例3【解析】 women teachers意思是“女教師”。由man或 woman作定語構成的復合名詞變復數(shù),兩個詞都要變成復數(shù)。故選C。C例2例4例5【例2】 Don't forget to ________ the plants while I'm away.( ) A. water B. waters C. watering D. watered【解析】 本題中water為動詞,表示“給……澆水”。故選A。A例1例3例2例4例5【例3】 Although she is a ________ girl, she knows a lot of Chinese characters(漢字).( ) A. five years old B. five-year-old C. five-years-old D. five-year-olds【解析】 five-year-old是復合形容詞,只能作前置定語,用于修飾名詞,意思是“五歲的”。five years old用來作表語,意思是“五歲”。故選B。B例1例3例2例4例5【例4】 The soldier died for saving the child, so his ________ is heavier than Mount Tai.( ) A. die B. dead C. died D. death【解析】 his后接名詞作主語,die的名詞形式為death。故選D。D 例1例3例2例4例5【例5】 That great ________ has invented many ________.( ) A. inventor; inventions B. invent; invention C. invention; inventors D. inventor; invent【解析】 inventor意為“發(fā)明家”,invent意為“發(fā)明(動詞)”,invention意為“發(fā)明(名詞)”。故選A。A 例1例3例2例4例5一、用所給單詞的適當形式填空。1. Jack decided to lose ________(weigh) by eating less and doing more exercise.2. It's better to see lions and foxes during the daytime because they'll probably be ________(wake).3. Nobody can tell the __________(different) between the two words.weightawakedifference一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~304. Can you tell me what the __________(mean) of this phrase is?5. The video game machine is so __________(interest) that all of us are __________(interest) in it.6. Staying up at night is ________(harm) to our health.7. Dr. Li gave me some good ________(advise) on how to learn English better.meaninginterestinginterestedharmfuladvice一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~308. More and more __________(foreign) are interested in Chinese and they begin to learn it.9. First look at the picture, then answer the _________(follow) questions. 10. On a snowy day, cars are driven very ________(slow).11. He jumps highest and become the ________(win) of the high jump.12. Now more and more ________(visit) are coming to visit China from other countries.foreignersfollowingslowlywinnervisitors一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~3013. It's ________(polite) to throw litter everywhere.14. Everybody knows ________(healthy) comes first.15. “It is never too late to learn” is a Chinese ________(say).16. It is raining ________(heavy). You must drive carefully.17. The little girl seemed ________(happily), for she got an “A” in the exam.18. How________(luck) he has got the first prize!impolitehealthsayingheavilyhappyluckily一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~3019. The old lady looked ________(angry) at me.20. After a while, the little dog came to ________(it).21. Keep quiet! You are speaking too ________(noise).22. I think it _________(danger) for children to be close to wild animals.23. Please send me an email if you have ________(difficult) solving the problem.angrilyitselfnoisilydangerousdifficulty一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~3024. That old woman who you are looking for has been ________(die) for many years.25. The weather report says it is ________(cloud).26. The villagers are warm-hearted. They are ________(friend) to all of us.27. He was the second ________(speak) at the meeting.deadcloudyfriendlyspeaker一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~3028. I know these __________(fisherman) over there quite well.29. He invented the machine, so he is an ________(invent).30. The old man likes to live in a ________(quiet) place. Now he is sitting there ________(quiet).fishermeninventorquietquietly一二1~34~78~1213~1819~2324~2728~30二、選出正確的答案。( )1. Amy won the first place in the ________ race in the sports meet of our school.A. women's 100-meters B. women's 100-meterC. women's 100 meters D. women 100 meter1234567891011121314151617181920B一二【解析】 英語中兩個或多個單詞中間可以用連字符連接起來,起一個相當于形容詞的作用,這類單詞叫作合成詞。其一般構成規(guī)則就是其構成單詞一般都要用原形。句義:“艾米在學校運動會女子100米跑中贏得了第一名?!苯Y合語境可知,本句是由名詞所有格加復合形容詞作定語。故選B。1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )2. David is ________. He is from ________.A. English; England B. English; EnglishC. England; England D. England; English【解析】 句義:“戴維是英國人,他來自英國。”English意為“英語,英國人”,England意為“英國”。故選A。A 1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )3. Chinese people are always very ________.A. hard-working B. work hard C. hard word D. work-hard【解析】 hard-working意為“勤勞的”,work hard意為“努力工作/學習”。“be+adj.”構成系表結構。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )4. Jim was such a ________ student that he forgot to do his homework.A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness【解析】 care意為“關心”,careful意為“細心的”,careless意為“粗心的”,carelessness意為“粗心大意”。根據(jù)forgot to do可知,應是“粗心的”。故選C。C1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )5. John is cleaning the ________ room.A. meeting B. meet C. meets D. met 【解析】 the meeting room表示“會議室”,meeting在這里為名詞,與room構成“名詞+名詞”的復合結構。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )6. The ________ frog jumps very hard in the field.A. three legs B. three leg C. three-legged D. three-leggeds【解析】 句義:“三條腿的青蛙跳得很艱難?!眛hree-legged意為“三條腿的”,是形容詞詞性修飾名詞。故選C。C1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )7. The child looked at me ________.A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeness 【解析】 句義:“那個小孩奇怪地看著我?!眘trangely意為“奇怪地;奇妙地”,是副詞,修飾謂語動詞。 stranger是名詞,意為“陌生人;外地人”, strange是形容詞,意為“奇怪的;陌生的”,strangeness是名詞,意為“陌生;奇怪”。故選B。B1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )8. Canada is mainly an ________ country.A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-English D. English-spoken 【解析】 句義:“加拿大是一個主要說英語的國家。”English-speaking是一個復合形容詞,結構為“名詞-現(xiàn)在分詞”,用于修飾名詞,表示“說英語的”。speak-English和English-spoken不符合英語復合形容詞結構,spoken-English表示“英語口語”。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )9. —I want to be ________. What should I do?—First, you must keep ________ every day.A. health; happy B. unhealthy; happily C. healthy; happy D. health; happily 1234567891011121314151617181920C一二【解析】 句義:“——我想要健康。我該怎么辦?——首先,你必須每天保持快樂?!県ealth意為“健康”,是名詞;unhealthy 意為“不健康的”,是形容詞;healthy 意為“健康的”,是形容詞;happy 意為“開心的”,是形容詞;happily 意為“開心地”,是副詞。第一空be動詞后需用形容詞作表語,根據(jù)句義可知應是“健康的”;keep為系動詞,后也需接形容詞作表語,所以第二空需用 happy 。故選C。1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )10. She spoke ________ to the frightened child.A. gently B. gentle C. gentleman D. gentlely【解析】 副詞 gently 意為“溫柔地”,修飾動詞spoke。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )11. What a ________ boy he is! He always acts ________.A. foolish; foolishly B. fool; foolishC. foolish; fool D. foolishly; foolish【解析】 第一空修飾名詞應用形容詞,第二空副詞修飾動詞。foolish(愚蠢的)是形容詞,foolishly(愚蠢地)是副詞,fool(傻瓜,愚人)是名詞。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )12. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It's of great ________.A. valuable B. value C. valueless D. invaluable1234567891011121314151617181920【解析】 句義:“她丟掉的項鏈很貴,很有價值。”be of 加名詞相當于一個表示特征或屬性的形容詞。valuable意為“有價值的”,value意為“價值”,valueless意為“不值錢的”,invaluable意為“沒有價值的”。故選B。B一二( )13. Mr. Black is an ________ in the army, not an ________ in the government. You cannot easily find him in his ________.A. official; officer; office B. officer; office; officialC. official; official; official D. officer; official; office【解析】 句義:“布萊克先生是個軍官,而不是政府官員,你在他的辦公室里很難找到他?!眔fficial意為“公務員;行政官員”,officer意為“軍官,警官”,office意為“辦公室”。故選D。D1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )14. You'd better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier【解析】 句義:“如果你想保持健康,最好戒煙。”keep healthy意為“保持健康”,health意為“健康”,healthy意為“健康的”,healthily意為“健康地”,healthier是healthy的比較級。故選B。B1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )15. Dan caught two ________ birds in the wood last week and they are still ________ in the cage.A. alive; live B. live; live C. live; alive D. alive; alive【解析】 句義:“上周丹在林子里抓了兩只活鳥,它們還在籠子里活著?!眑ive 通常只用作定語(前置),可用于動物或植物,但一般不用于人。alive 主要用作表語(有時可用作后置定語,但不用作前置定語),可用于人或動物。故選C。C1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )16. Tom stayed up late yesterday, so he feels ________ today.A. sleepy B. asleep C. sleep D. sleeping【解析】 sleepy意為“瞌睡的,困乏的”,asleep意為“睡著的”,sleep意為“睡覺”,sleeping意為“睡著的”。feel sleepy表示“感到困倦的”。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )17. —Look! It is raining ________. —That's right. The rain is too ________ to go shopping.A. heavily; heavy B. heavily; heavily C. heavy; heavy D. heavy; heavilyA1234567891011121314151617181920一二【解析】 句義:“——看!雨下得很大?!堑摹S晏罅?,不能去購物了?!薄癐t is raining ________.”中用副詞heavily修飾動詞 raining,“The rain is too ________ to go shopping”中用形容詞heavy修飾名詞rain。故選A。1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )18. To my ________, I passed the exam easily.A. joy B. joyful C. joyless D. joyness【解析】 句義:“讓我高興的是,我很容易就通過了考試。”joy(高興)是名詞,joyful(令人高興的)是形容詞,joyless(不高興的)是形容詞。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )19. To give up smoking has many ________.A. advantages B. advantageous C. disadvantages D. advantage【解析】 句義:“戒煙有很多好處?!盿dvantages(好處)是復數(shù)形式,advantageous(有利的,有益的)是形容詞,disadvantages(害處)是復數(shù)形式,advantage(好處)是單數(shù)形式。故選A。A1234567891011121314151617181920一二( )20. There was ________ woman in the room, sitting and looking at me in the dark.A. a 80-year-old B. an 80-year-oldC. a 80-years-old D. an 80-years-oldB1234567891011121314151617181920【解析】 英語中兩個或多個單詞中間可以用連字符連接起來,這類單詞叫作合成詞,其構成單詞一般都要用原形。eighty以元音音素開頭,用不定冠詞an。故選B。一二Thanks!
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