2026甘肅職教高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 第九章 時態(tài)和語態(tài)課件

電子教案《職教高考 英語 總復(fù)習(xí)》2第九章　時態(tài)和語態(tài)第一部分　基 礎(chǔ) 知 識續(xù)表續(xù)表【知識點一】　動詞的時態(tài)(一)概念 英語中表示不同時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)需用不同的動詞形式表示，這種不同的動詞形式稱為時態(tài)。動詞的時態(tài)主要由動詞的各種形式構(gòu)成，動詞有五種基本形式：動詞原形、一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)形式、動詞-ing形式、動詞的過去式和動詞的過去分詞。規(guī)則動詞的五種形式如表1-9-1所示(以動詞walk、try、play為例)，動詞過去式和過去分詞還有不規(guī)則變化。表1-9-1　規(guī)則動詞的形式(二)種類 英語時態(tài)常用的有八種：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時，如表1-9-2所示。表1-9-2　(8＋4)種時態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及時間標(biāo)志詞續(xù)表續(xù)表續(xù)表一般現(xiàn)在時1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作、現(xiàn)在的某種狀況或狀態(tài)及客觀規(guī)律、永恒真理等，常與usually、often、always、sometimes、 from time to time、 every、 once a week、 seldom、 on/at weekend等時間狀語連用。如：I usually get up early. 我通常起床很早。He always helps others. 他總是幫助別人。2. 一般現(xiàn)在時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。(如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式。)如：I am a student. 我是一名學(xué)生。I wish you every success. 祝你成功。否定句：主語＋謂語動詞＋not＋賓語＋其他。(謂語是系動詞時，則為am/is/are＋not；若謂語動詞為行為動詞，則在其前加don't；若主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則在動詞原形前用doesn't。)如：I am not a student. 我不是一個學(xué)生。Sometimes I do not know what to do. 有些時候我不知道該做什么才好。He doesn't like playing computer games. 他不喜歡玩電腦游戲。一般疑問句的形式：謂語是系動詞時則把系動詞置于句首；若謂語動詞為行為動詞，句首用Do，若主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用Does，后面行為動詞為原形。如：Does she often go to school at 7：00？她經(jīng)常7點鐘去上學(xué)嗎？3. 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法(1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作、現(xiàn)在的某種狀況或狀態(tài)。如：I always practise yoga at 8：00 in the evening. 我經(jīng)常晚上八點練瑜伽。(2)表客觀事實、普遍真理及自然現(xiàn)象。如：The light travels faster than the sound. 光速比聲速快。In summer, days are longer than nights and in winters It's the opposite. 夏天白天比夜晚長，冬天相反。(3)用于格言或警句中。如：Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗?！咀⒁狻?此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也需要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實地球是圓的。(4)表示現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性等。如：I don't want so much. 我不想要那么多。(5)某些動詞，如come、 go、 move、 stop、 leave、 arrive、 be、 finish、 continue、 start 等，在一般現(xiàn)在時句中，可用來表示將來肯定會發(fā)生的動作或者表示按照時間表擬定安排好的活動。如：The train leaves London at six and arrives at Birmingham at eight. 火車六點離開倫敦，八點到達(dá)伯明翰。(6)在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。如：If it doesn't rain, we'll go on a picnic as planned. 如果不下雨，我們將按計劃去野餐。4. 第三人稱單數(shù)的變化形式(1)一般情況下，在動詞的詞尾加-s。come→comes speak→speaks work→works　　　live→lives(2)以o、 s、 x、 ch、 sh結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾加-es。do→does go→goes finish→finishes brush→brushesfix→fixes pass→passes watch→watches(3)以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加-es。study→studies carry→carries cry→cries try→tries fly→flies(4)以“元音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的單詞直接加-s。play→plays　　 stay→stays一般過去時1. 一般過去時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，常見的有just now、 a few days ago、 yesterday、 the day before yesterday、 last night(month、 term、 week...)、 in 1990、 in those days、 the other day(不久前的某一天)、 at that moment、 in the old days、 at the age of 5等。如：I was a volunteer 6 years ago in this school. 六年前我是這所學(xué)校的一名志愿者。2. 一般過去時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋動詞過去式(＋賓語)＋其他。如：It snowed heavily just now. 剛才雪下得很大。He joined the army in 2015. 他2015年參軍了。否定句：主語＋動詞過去式＋not(＋賓語)＋其他。此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首，或用助動詞did提問，同時還原行為動詞。如：—Was he late again this morning? 他今天早上又遲到了嗎？—Yes, he was./No, he wasn't. 是的，他遲到了。/沒有，他沒有遲到。—Did he go to work yesterday? 他昨天去上班了嗎？—Yes, he did./No, he didn't. 是的，他上班了。/不，他沒有。3. 一般過去時的用法(1) 表示過去發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀態(tài)，這種情況常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：I received a stranger phone call yesterday. 昨天我接到了一個奇怪的電話。(2)表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作，這種用法常與always、 usually、 often、 sometimes、 never等時間狀語連用。如：I always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast.我總是起床很遲，從來沒時間吃早飯。(3)表示過去特定時間一次完成的具有先后順序的幾個動作，此時一般不出現(xiàn)表示過去的時間狀語，需要通過情景斷定。如：I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.我早早起了床，洗完臉，迅速吃完早飯，就匆忙上學(xué)去了。(4)過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作和過去曾經(jīng)存在過的狀態(tài)。也可用“used to/would＋動詞原形”來表達(dá)。如： I used to go fishing on Sundays. 我過去經(jīng)常在周日釣魚。This river used to be clean. 這條河流的水曾經(jīng)很清澈。4. 動詞過去式的變化規(guī)則(1)一般情況下在詞尾加-ed。work→worked call→called laugh→laughedexplain→explained finish→finished knock→knocked(2)以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞，直接加-d。live→lived change→changed smoke→smokeddie→died graduate→graduated(3)以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加－ed。study→studied carry→carried cry→criedtry→tried marry→married(4)以“元音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的單詞，直接加－ed。play→played stay→stayed(5)以“一個元音字母＋一個輔音字母”結(jié)尾的單詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加－ed。stop→stopped plan→planned pat→patted(6)一些常見動詞的不規(guī)則變化。do→did go→went come→camerun→ran write→wrote begin→begandrink→drank keep→kept leave→leftsleep→slept make→made lie→laydig→dug eat→ate know→knewcut→cut set→set let→letread→read hurt→hurt一般將來時1. 一般將來時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，以及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事，常與表示將來的時間狀語tomorrow、 the day after tomorrow、 next Sunday、 soon、 in a few days等連用。2. 一般將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋will/shall＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。(shall只用于第一人稱)主語＋am/is/are＋going to＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。如：I shall go to Shanghai tomorrow. 我明天要去上海。否定句：主語＋am/is/are＋not＋going to＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。主語＋will/shall＋not＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。一般疑問句：be或will/shall提到句首。如：Will she be 20 years old next month? 她下個月就20歲了嗎？【注意】　be going to與will/shall的區(qū)別。be going to指當(dāng)前的、計劃過或思考過的意圖和打算，will、shall表示未事先思考或計劃過的意圖；be going to還可以表示客觀跡象表明馬上要發(fā)生，而will則表明說話者的觀點、主觀意愿。如：I'm going to see him tomorrow. 我打算明天去看他。(事先經(jīng)過思考)I'll answer the door. 我去開門。(未經(jīng)事先考慮的意圖)Look the clouds; there is going to be a storm. 看看這些云，暴風(fēng)雨要來了。(客觀跡象)I hope it will be warm tomorrow. 我希望明天會暖和起來。(主觀意愿)3. 一般將來時的用法(1)表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。如：She will attend the meeting tomorrow. 明天她要去參加一個會議。(2)表示將來反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：He will see the film with his friends every Saturday.每周六他都和他的朋友去看電影。(3) 表示將來的意愿、決心、許諾、命令等常用will；征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。如：I will do my best to catch up with them. 我要竭盡全力趕上他們。Shall I open the door? 我可以開門嗎？(4)be＋動詞不定式，表示有職責(zé)、義務(wù)、可能、約定、意圖等。如：There is to be a meeting this afternoon. 今天下午有個會議。We are to meet the guests at the station. 我們準(zhǔn)備去車站接人。(5)be about to＋動詞原形，表示即將或馬上就要發(fā)生的動作或行為。如：He is about to go out when the door bell is ringing. 他剛要出去時門鈴響了。I am about to be married. 我馬上要結(jié)婚了?！咀⒁狻?“be about to＋動詞原形”不能與表示時間的副詞連用。如：They are about to set out. (√)They are about to set out soon. (×)(6)在I hope、 I bet 等后的賓語從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義，但有時也可直接用將來時態(tài)。如：I hope that you like/will like it. 我希望你會喜歡它。(7)在it doesn't matter、 I don't care、 I don't mind 等結(jié)構(gòu)(以及類似結(jié)構(gòu))后的名詞性從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。如：It doesn't matter where we go on holiday. 我們?nèi)ツ亩燃俣夹?。I don't care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我們是贏還是輸。Don't you care what happens to them? 難道你不關(guān)心他們出什么事了？過去將來時1. 過去將來時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞過去將來時立足于過去某時，從過去的某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，主要用于賓語從句或間接引語中，其時間標(biāo)志詞同一般將來時，常與表示將來的時間狀語如tomorrow、 the day after tomorrow、 next Sunday、 soon、 in a few days等連用。2. 過去將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋would/should＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。主語＋was/were going to＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。否定句：主語＋would/should＋not＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。主語＋was/were＋not＋going to＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他。疑問句：Would/should＋主語＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他？Was/were going to＋主語＋動詞原形＋賓語＋其他？如：He said that he would have an interview next week. 他說下周要去面試。Mr. Liu asked me where I would have a picnic on Sunday.劉先生問我周日去哪里野餐。Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn't arrived until now.上周他答應(yīng)來的，可到現(xiàn)在都沒到。He said that he would wait for me at the gate. 他說他會在大門口等我?，F(xiàn)在進行時1. 現(xiàn)在進行時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這段時間正在進行的動作，常與時間狀語now、 at this time、 these days、 at present等連用。2. 現(xiàn)在進行時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋am/is/are＋doing＋賓語＋其他。如：He is listening to the radio carefully now. 他正在入神地聽收音機。She is writing a novel this year. 今年她在寫一部小說。否定句：主語＋am/is/are＋not＋doing＋賓語＋其他。一般疑問句：Am/Is/Are＋主語＋doing＋賓語＋其他？3. 現(xiàn)在進行時的用法(1)表示說話者說話時正在發(fā)生或者進行的動作，它注重現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什么時間開始，到什么時間結(jié)束。如：What is my daughter doing now? 我女兒正在做什么？I am looking for my key. 我在找我的鑰匙。(2)表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作(但說話時這個動作不一定在進行)。如：The students are preparing for the examination. 學(xué)生們正在備考。George is working on a new book about stories in schools.喬治在寫一本有關(guān)校園故事的新書。(3)某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示即將發(fā)生的、計劃或安排好的事情。如arrive、 come、 leave、 start、 stay、 go等。如：They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 明天他們?nèi)ハ愀邸e are leaving for Germany next week. 下周我們將要出發(fā)去德國。Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week? 你將要在廣州待一周嗎？(4)與副詞always、 usually、 forever等連用，表示說話者的某種感情或?qū)δ骋恍睦淼拿枋?。如：She is always thinking of others. 她總是為別人著想。(贊揚)Why are you always coming late for class？你為什么總是遲到？(批評)(5)有些動詞一般不可以用于進行時態(tài)。表示狀態(tài)的動詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動詞，如be、 have等；表示認(rèn)識、知覺和情感的動詞，如know、 think、 hear、 find、 see、 like、 want、 wish、 prefer等。4. 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成(1)一般動詞直接在詞后加-ing。do→doing read→reading work→workingthink→thinking study→studying go→goingwatch→watching jump→jumping(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動詞，應(yīng)先去掉 e，然后加-ing。like→liking take→taking leave→leavinglive→living receive→receiving dance→dancingcome→coming smoke→smoking write→writing(3)以“一個元音字母＋一個輔音字母”結(jié)尾的動詞，應(yīng)先雙寫這個輔音字母，然后再加-ing。stop→stopping begin→beginning dig→diggingswim→swimming run→running sit→sitting【注意】以下這些動詞，雖然以“一個元音字母＋一個輔音字母”結(jié)尾，但不雙寫輔音字母，而在詞尾直接加-ing。listen→listening open→opening eat→eatingrain→raining sleep→sleeping 過去進行時1. 過去進行時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作或者用于描寫故事情景、提供故事發(fā)生的時間背景，通常與 at 8：00 yesterday、 at this/that time yesterday、 the whole morning和when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句等連用。如：I was doing my lessons then. 那時我在做功課。We were cleaning the house when he came in. 他來時我們正在打掃房子。When he called me, I was having dinner. 他給我打電話的時候，我正在吃晚飯。2. 過去進行時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋was/were＋doing＋賓語＋其他。如：It was raining at 7：00 the day before yesterday. 前天7點時，天正在下雨。They were building a reservoir at this time last winter.去年冬天的這個時候他們在建水庫。否定句：主語＋was/were＋not＋doing＋賓語＋其他。如：I wasn't playing basketball at this time yesterday.昨天這個時候我不在打籃球。疑問句：Was/Were＋主語＋doing＋賓語＋其他？如：Were you doing your homework when I called you yesterday?昨天我給你打電話的時候你正在做作業(yè)嗎？3. 過去進行時和一般過去時的用法區(qū)別過去進行時和一般過去時都表示過去發(fā)生的事情，但過去進行時側(cè)重表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，強調(diào)動作的連續(xù)進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實。如：They were building a house last month. 他們上個月在建一座房子。(上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知)They built a new house last month. 他們上個月建了一座房子。(上個月建造好了，動作已經(jīng)完成)現(xiàn)在完成時1. 現(xiàn)在完成時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，通常與already、 yet、 ever、 just、 up to now、 in the past、 recently、 by、 for 5 years、 since、 so far等時間狀語連用。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋have/has＋動詞過去分詞＋賓語＋其他。如：He has ever been to Australia. 他曾經(jīng)去過澳大利亞。否定句：主語＋have/has＋not＋動詞過去分詞＋賓語＋其他。如：I have not heard from her recently. 我最近沒有收到她的信。一般疑問句：Have/Has＋主語＋動詞過去分詞＋賓語＋其他？如：—Have you read the novel? 你讀過這部小說？—Yes, I have./No，I haven't. 是，我讀過。/不，我沒讀過。3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法(1)強調(diào)不久前完成的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，常與just、 already、 yet(用于否定句和疑問句中)連用，謂語用非延續(xù)性動詞。如：I have bought a new car. 我買了輛新車。They have cleaned the office. 他們打掃完了辦公室。I have already finished my lunch. 我已經(jīng)吃過午飯了。Have you heard the news yet? 你聽說這個消息了嗎？(2)強調(diào)直到現(xiàn)在為止的生活經(jīng)歷。常與never、 ever(用于否定句和疑問句)、 only once, twice/three times等連用?？梢杂胔ow many times提問，謂語用延續(xù)性動詞。如：He has never been late for school. 他上學(xué)從來沒有遲到過?！狧ow many times have you been to Beijing？你去過北京幾次？—I have been to Beijing twice. 我去過北京兩次。(3)表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去，常與for和since引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如：We have lived here since 1976. 自從1976年開始我們就住這了。They have waited for more than two hours. 他們等了兩個多小時。(4)have/has been to和have/has gone to的區(qū)別。have/has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地，說話時已經(jīng)回來了；have/has gone to表示已去某地，說話時還沒有回來。如：He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.他去過加拿大，但現(xiàn)在在我們公司工作。Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家，他去上海了。4. 用現(xiàn)在完成時的句型(1)“It/This is the first/second...time that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次參觀這座城市。This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。(2)“This is＋形容詞最高級＋名詞＋that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：This is the best film that I've ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。5. 過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則變化同過去式的構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則變化如下：do→done　 go→gone eat→eatencome→come have→had write→writtenbe→been see→seen hear→heardswim→swum drink→drunk give→givenforget→forgotten take→taken keep→keptsleep→slept teach→taught buy→boughttell→told make→made cut→cuthurt→hurt read→read let→let【注意】 含有終止意義或短暫意義的動詞不能與for、 since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用，如buy、 begin、 die、 come、 go、 join、 leave 等。如：I have bought a book. (√)I have bought a book for 3 days. (×)He has joined the army for 3 years. (×)He has been in the army for 3 years. (√)過去完成時1. 過去完成時的含義及時間標(biāo)志詞表示以過去某個時間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為，或在過去某動作之前完成的行為，即過去的過去，常與時間狀語before、 by the end of last year/term/month...、 by the time、 by等連用。2. 過去完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：主語＋had＋done＋賓語＋其他。如：He said that he had learned some French before.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些法語。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年，愛迪生已經(jīng)開始自己謀生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因為他到達(dá)晚會時大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。否定句：主語＋had＋not＋done＋賓語＋其他。一般疑問句：Had＋主語＋動詞過去分詞＋賓語＋其他？3. 過去完成時的用法(1)在told、 said、 knew、 heard、 thought等動詞后的賓語從句用過去完成時。如：She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她說她不曾去過巴黎。(2)動作發(fā)生在過去的過去用過去完成時。如：When I got to the cinema yesterday, the film had begun already.昨天當(dāng)我到電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開始了。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時，小偷們早就跑了。(3)表示意向的動詞，如hope、 wish、 expect、 think、 intend、 mean、 suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，但未能……”。如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.我們原本希望你能來，但是你沒有來。(4)“by＋過去的時間點”用過去完成時。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.到昨晚9點我看完了這部小說。(5)“by the end of＋過去的時間點”用過去完成時。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上學(xué)期末為止我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了2 000多個英語單詞。(6)“before＋過去的時間點”用過去完成時。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.到上周三前為止他們已種了600棵樹。【知識點二】　動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice)和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。1. 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由be動詞加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者，可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，即：主語＋be＋動詞的過去分詞(＋by＋動作執(zhí)行者)。否定式：主語＋be＋not＋動詞的過去分詞(＋by＋動作執(zhí)行者)。be動詞隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化，相當(dāng)于中文中的“被……”“由……”句式。各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成形式如表1-9-3所示。表1-9-3　各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)【注意】含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋done。2. 被動語態(tài)的運用(1)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要說出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。如：Paper is made from wood. 紙是由木材制成的。The factory is quite old. It was built in 1930. 這座工廠太舊了，它是1930年建成的。(2)需要強調(diào)動作的承受者時。如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。如：Books in the reading room mustn't be taken away (by students).學(xué)生不準(zhǔn)帶走閱覽室的書籍。He was awarded first prize in that contest. 他在那次比賽中獲得了第一。(3)使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提到是誰做的這件事。如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. 新實驗室必須在下個月底前完工。3. 各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)可用于英語的各種時態(tài)。為了能準(zhǔn)確地運用被動語態(tài)，重點要掌握be動詞的各種時態(tài)變化，舉例如下。(1)一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋am/is/are＋動詞的過去分詞。如：My room is cleaned every day. 我的房間每天都被打掃。This car is made in China. 這輛車生產(chǎn)于中國。(2)一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋was/were＋動詞的過去分詞。如：His hair was cut just now. 他剛剛理過發(fā)。The subway station was built in 2008. 這個地鐵站建于2008年。(3)現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋am/is/are＋being＋動詞的過去分詞。如：Some trees are being cut down in the park. 公園里的一些樹正在被砍掉。A meeting is being held. 會議正在進行。(4)過去進行時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋was/were＋being＋動詞的過去分詞。如：A new company was being built in this city at that time.那時一家新公司正在這個城市里被創(chuàng)建。Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.去年一些嬰兒一直由陳小姐照顧。(5)一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋will/shall＋be＋動詞的過去分詞；主語＋am/is/are＋going to＋be＋動詞的過去分詞。如：Some new factories will be built in our city this year.今年我們城市將建一些新工廠。Your watch is going to be mended in an hour. 你的手表將在一小時后修理。(6)過去將來時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋would/should＋be＋動詞的過去分詞；主語＋was/were＋going to＋be＋動詞的過去分詞。如：My father said some new factories would be built in our city this year.我父親說今年我市將新建一些工廠。My boss said I was going to be appointed to America next year.老板說明年將委派我去美國。(7)現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋have/has＋been＋動詞的過去分詞。如：Your bike has been mended already. 你的自行車已經(jīng)修好了。(8)過去完成時的被動語態(tài)：主語＋had＋been＋動詞的過去分詞。如：He said that some new factories had been built in the city.他說在這座城市已經(jīng)建了好幾家新工廠。I didn't know that my watch had been mended. 我不知道我的手表已經(jīng)修好了。(9)含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：主語＋can/may/must＋be＋動詞的過去分詞。如：I must be paid for this. 為此一定要給我報酬。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.煤可以用來生產(chǎn)工農(nóng)業(yè)需要的電。4. 主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)的方法主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)時，一般主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語；主動句的謂語動詞變成“be＋動詞的過去分詞”；主動句的主語變?yōu)樵诒粍泳涞腷y短語中作賓語，人稱代詞主格改為賓格。主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的注意事項。(1)主動句中的主語如果是people、 we、 you、 they、 somebody等含糊地表示“人們”“大家”等的詞，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，通常刪去“by...”，除非強調(diào)原主語。如：They set up this hospital in 1975.→This hospital was set up in 1975. 這所醫(yī)院建于1975年。Only he can finish the job.→The job can be finished only by him. 這項工作只能由他來完成。(2)含有雙賓語的句子，每個賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，即其被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，但多以間接賓語作主語。如：Jack told us the truth.→We were told the truth by Jack.→The truth was told (to us) by Jack. 杰克告訴了我們真相。(3)“賓語＋賓語補足語”的句子變成被動句后，原來的賓語補足語就成了主語補足語了。如：He found the door open.→The door was found open. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)門開著?！咀⒁狻?不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，變成被動時要加上to。如：I heard Emily sing the song just now.→Emily was heard to sing the song just now. 我剛才聽見艾米莉唱這首歌了。(4)含有賓語從句的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，通常用it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，把賓語從句后置。如：We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.→It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.我們決定這項計劃應(yīng)該馬上實施。(5)雙重被動結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)某人或物為兩次動作的承受者時，要用雙重被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.→The children are often asked to do too much homework.→Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children.家長們經(jīng)常讓孩子做太多的家庭作業(yè)。5. 使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的事項(1)感官動詞主動語態(tài)的賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，不定式符號to要還原。如：We saw him play football on the playground. →He was seen to play football on the playground. 他被看見在操場上踢足球。(2)let 的用法。①若let后只有一個單音節(jié)動詞，變被動語態(tài)時，可用不帶to 的不定式。如：They let the stranger go.→The stranger was let go. 那個陌生人被允許走了。②當(dāng)let 后賓補較長時，通常不用被動語態(tài)，而用allow或permit 代替。如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.→I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.我被允許去探望住院的同學(xué)。(3)短語動詞的被動語態(tài)。短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹將由奶奶照顧。Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事情前所未聞。The children are well looked after in this nursery.孩子們在這家幼兒園里受到了很好的照顧。Women shouldn't be looked down upon in any way.不管怎么樣，婦女不應(yīng)該受歧視?！咀⒁狻?①不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，如appear、 die、 disappear、 end、 fail、 happen、 last、 lie、 remain、 sit、 spread、 stand、 break out、 come true、 fall asleep、 keep silence、 lose heart、 take place等沒有被動語態(tài)。rise、 fall、 happen是不及物動詞；raise、 seat是及物動詞。如：The price has been risen. (×)The price has risen. (√)The accident was happened last week. (×)The accident happened last week. (√)The price has raised. (×)The price has been raised. (√)Please seat. (×)Please be seated. (√)②不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語有fit、 have、 hold、 marry、 own、 wish、 cost、 notice、 watch、 agree with、 arrive at/in、 shake hands with、 succeed in、 suffer from、 happen to、 take part in、 walk into、 belong to等。如：This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你的故事與我們聽說的一致。(4)系動詞無被動語態(tài)，如appear、 be、 become、 fall、 feel、 get、 grow、 keep、 look、 remain、 seem、 smell、 sound、 stay、 taste、 turn等。如：It sounds good. 聽上去不錯。(5)帶同源賓語的及物動詞，如die、 dream、 live等，以及反身代詞、相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)。如：She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個噩夢。(6)當(dāng)賓語是不定式時，很少用被動語態(tài)。如：She likes to swim. (√)To swim is liked by her. (×)6. 主動形式表示被動意義(1)wash、 clean、 cook、 iron、 look、 cut、 sell、 read、 wear、 feel、 draw、 write等詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞。當(dāng)主語是人時，為及物動詞；當(dāng)主語是物時，為不及物動詞，即用主動形式表示被動意義。如：The book sells well. 這書的銷路很好。My pen writes smoothly. 我的筆很好寫。This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。(2)blame、 let(出租)、 remain、 keep、 rent、 build等用主動形式表示被動意義。如：I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。(3)need、 require、 want、 worth、 deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。如：The door needs repairing.＝The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。7. 被動形式表示主動意義被動形式表示主動意義的有be determined、 be pleased、 be graduated (from)、 be prepared (for)、 be occupied (in)等。如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。8. 被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別當(dāng)“be＋過去分詞”作被動語態(tài)時，表示主語是動作的承受者；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下。(1)如果強調(diào)動作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者，則該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則，即為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：The glass is broken. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))The glass was broken by the boy. (被動語態(tài))(2)如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語，則一般為被動語態(tài)。如：The door is locked. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked. (被動語態(tài))(3)被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞be只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。如：The machine is being repaired. 機器正在被修理。9. 與被動語態(tài)相關(guān)的詞組和句型be covered with 被……覆蓋be made of 由……制成(發(fā)生物理變化)be made from 由……制成(發(fā)生化學(xué)變化) be made in 由某地制造be made by 被某人制造 be used for 被用來……be used as 被當(dāng)作……來使用 be used to do sth. 被用來做某事It is said that... 據(jù)說…… It is hoped that... 希望……It is well known that... 眾所周知……【例1】　(2024年甘肅省分類考試)When he came back to the room, he ________ and hit his head on the wall.(　　) A. slip B. slipped C. was slipped D. slips例1例3【解析】　根據(jù)從句中的時態(tài)可知，主句應(yīng)用一般過去時。故選B。B 例2例4例5例6例7【例2】　(2023年甘肅省分類考試)An English speech ________ by Mr. Wang next Monday.(　　) A. is given B. gives C. will give D. will be given例1例3例2例4例5例6例7【解析】　根據(jù)句中時間狀語next Monday可知，應(yīng)用一般將來時，且主語speech與動詞give之間為被動關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。故選D。D 【例3】　(2023年甘肅省分類考試)—________ Kate do her homework last night?—No, she ________.(　　) A. Did; didn't 　B. Did; did　C. Does; doesn't　D. Was; wasn't【解析】　根據(jù)問句末的時間狀語last night可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時，一般疑問句要借助于助動詞Did，否定答語中要用相應(yīng)的didn't。故選A。A例1例3例2例4例5例6例7【例4】　(2023年甘肅省分類考試)—How long ________ you ________ this dictionary?—For about two weeks.(　　) A. did; borrow B. have; borrowed C. do; keep D. have; kept【解析】　根據(jù)問句how long和答語“for＋時間段”可判斷此句時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時，且要用延續(xù)性動詞。故選D。D例1例3例2例4例5例6例7【例5】　(2022年甘肅省分類考試)Your room is so dirty. It needs ________.(　　) A. to be cleaned B. to be cleaning C. clean D. cleaned【解析】　need doing相當(dāng)于need to be done，意為“(某事)需要被做”。故選A。A 例1例3例2例4例5例6例7【例6】　(2022年甘肅省分類考試)—________ Mary here last night?—No, she ________.(　　) A. Is; isn't B. Was; isn't C. Was; wasn't D. Did; didn't【解析】　根據(jù)問句中的時間狀語last night可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時，主語Mary對應(yīng)的be動詞應(yīng)用was，答語中be動詞與主句中一致。故選C。C 例1例3例2例4例5例6例7【例7】　(2021年甘肅省分類考試)The little cat ________ under the car yesterday.(　　) A. was found B. is found C. was founded D. is founded【解析】　根據(jù)句中yesterday可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時，主語The little cat和謂語動詞find之間為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，因此應(yīng)用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故選A。A 例1例3例2例4例5例6例7(　　)1. —________ Tina ________ the piano in the music club every Sunday?—Yes. From 3：00 p．m. to 4：30 p．m. every Sunday.A. Is; playing B. Does; play C. Did; play D. Will; play1234567891011121314151617181920【解析】 根據(jù)every Sunday可知，問句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時。Tina作主語，助動詞用does。故選B。B21222324252627282930(　　)2. —I made a call to you last night, but nobody answered. Where were you then?—Oh, I as well as my parents ________ our pet dog in our yard.A. walked B. was walking C. were walking D. would walkB 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930【解析】 根據(jù)句義可知，時態(tài)是過去進行時(were/was＋doing)，表示過去某個時間正在做某事。當(dāng)as well as連接并列主語時，句中謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)和前面的主語保持一致。主語是I，故be動詞用was。故選B。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)3. We ________ the Summer Palace several times, but I ________ there again.A. has gone to; go B. has been to; will go toC. have been to; will go D. have gone to; have gone【解析】 several times提示應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，表示“將要再去”應(yīng)用一般將來時。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)4. —Where is your cousin?—He ________ America last month and he ________ New York for two weeks.A. went to; has been B. has gone to; will stayC. has been to; has been in D. went to; has been in【解析】 根據(jù)last month可知，第一空應(yīng)用一般過去時；表示“他已在紐約待了兩周了”應(yīng)用has been in。故選D。D123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)5. He ________ his homework at school. A. doesn't B. don't do C. don't D. doesn't do【解析】 根據(jù)主語he判斷助動詞用does，否定句動詞恢復(fù)原形do。故選D。D123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)6. —Have you seen my brother?—Yes. I ________ him in the library five minutes ago.A. met B. have metC. meet D. have been met【解析】 根據(jù)five minutes ago可知，答句的時態(tài)是一般過去時。故選A。A 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)7. It often ________ here in winter.A. snows B. snowy C. snow D. snowing【解析】 根據(jù)often可知，此句時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，主語是it，動詞用單三形式。故選A。A123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)8. —How long have you ________ the motorbike?—For about two weeks.A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent【解析】 根據(jù)答語可知，問句中應(yīng)用延續(xù)性動詞，四個選項中只有had 是延續(xù)性動詞。故選B。B123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)9. I ________ a letter when my mother came in.A. write B. am writing C. was writing D. will write【解析】 “母親進來”是一個瞬時的動作，主句描述的動作在這個瞬間時刻正在發(fā)生，且事情在過去，因此應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進行時。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)10. I will ________ a training contract with this company.A. sign B. signs C. signing D. to sign【解析】 一般將來時用will時后跟動詞原形。故選A。A123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)11. There ________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going to B. will going to haveC. is going to be D. will go to be【解析】 there be的一般將來時有兩種形式，一種是will be，另一種是is/are going to be。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)12. He ________ in two days.A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back【解析】 in two days提示句子時態(tài)用一般將來時，“will＋動詞原形”形式正確。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)13. ________ giant pandas in the world ________ in the past five decades.A. A number of; has been increased B. The number of; increasesC. The number of; has increased D. A number of; has increased【解析】 the number of的意思是“……的數(shù)量”，a number of的意思是“許多”。in the past decades常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)14. Have you ever ________ to Shanghai?A. go B. gone C. been D. be【解析】 have gone to形式表示去了還未回來，have been to形式表示去了已經(jīng)回來。被問話人現(xiàn)在在這里，應(yīng)該用have been to形式。故選C。C123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)15. Our classroom is clean and tidy. It ________ every day.A. cleans B. is cleaning C. cleaned D. is cleaned【解析】 句中表達(dá)的是經(jīng)常性的一種狀態(tài)，所以應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語It與clean之間為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故選D。D123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)16. The welcome banquet ________ in the cafeteria last Friday.A. be held B. is held C. held D. was held【解析】 根據(jù)last Friday可判斷，此句時態(tài)為一般過去時。宴會應(yīng)是“被舉辦”，因此應(yīng)用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故選D。D123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)17. —When ________ this kind of machine ________？—Last year.A. did; invent B. was; invent C. was; invented D. were; invented【解析】 由Last year可知，時態(tài)是一般過去時；this kind of...作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。故選C。C 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)18. In the old days, a number of workers ________ overtime in the factory.A. were made work B. were made to workC. was made to work D. was made work【解析】 make sb. do sth.變成被動語態(tài)時要變成be made to do sth.(被迫做某事)。故選B。B123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)19. I'm sorry You've missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago.A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left【解析】 根據(jù)時間狀語 10 minutes ago可知，句子的時態(tài)是一般過去時。故選A。A123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)20. Keeping doing exercise every day ________ to be a good habit for a healthy body.A. are said B. is said C. says D. saidB【解析】 主謂之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)；動名詞短語作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。be said to意為“據(jù)說；被認(rèn)為”。故選B。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)21. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth ________ around the sun.A. was moving B. moved C. has moved D. movesD【解析】 因為地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)是客觀事實，所以時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時，the earth作主語，謂語動詞用單三形式。故選D。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)22. —Don't forget to ask him to write to me.—I won't. As soon as he ________， I'll ask him to write to you.A. will come B. came C. comes D. is comingC【解析】 as soon as引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，因為主句中使用的是一般將來時，從句中則要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來，即“主將從現(xiàn)”。故選C。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)23. Mr. Smith ________ a book about China last year, but I don't know whether he has finished it.A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writingD【解析】 句義：“史密斯去年在寫一本關(guān)于中國的書，但我不知道他是否已經(jīng)完成了。”根據(jù)句義可知，是表示過去一段時間正在進行的動作，故用過去進行時was/were＋doing，Mr. Smith作主語謂語動詞用單三形式。故選D。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)24. Lily as well as her classmates often ________ shopping on weekends.A. are going B. have gone C. go D. goesD【解析】 當(dāng)as well as連接并列主語時，句中謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該和前面的主語保持一致。主語是Lily，時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式goes。故選D。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)25. You ________ to the meeting. Why didn't you go?A. be invited B. will be invitedC. were invited D. are invitedC【解析】 從“Why didn't you go？”可知，前句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，根據(jù)句義，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。因此應(yīng)用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故選C。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)26. The girl looks so sad. She ________ a toothache.A. has B. have C. does D. isA【解析】 have a toothache為固定搭配，意為“牙疼”；主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞應(yīng)用has。故選A。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)27. You'd better ________ school on foot.A. to B. go to C. to go to D. to goB【解析】 句義：“你最好步行上學(xué)。”had better do sth.為固定搭配，意為“最好做某事”；go是不及物動詞后面的賓語是名詞或代詞時須加介詞。故選B。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)28. He said that honesty ________ the key to success.A. was B. will be C. is D. is beingC【解析】 從句是客觀事實，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。故選C。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930(　　)29. Lily ________ the film yesterday. ________ you already ________ it?A. watched; Did; see B. watches; Have; seenC. watched; Have; seen D. watch; Did; see123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930【解析】 根據(jù)yesterday可知，第一句時態(tài)為一般過去時。根據(jù)already可知，第二句用現(xiàn)在完成時。故選C。C(　　)30. Kate ________ to bed until her mother ________ back.A. won't go; come B. hadn't gone; comeC. went; came D. didn't go; cameD【解析】 句義：“凱特直到媽媽回來才去睡覺?！苯Y(jié)合句義可知，句子時態(tài)為一般過去時，not...until...意為“直到……才……”。故選D。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Thanks！