專題47.推理判斷題——據(jù)文推理慎甄選（原卷版+解析版）

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目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航
推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類型題目時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進(jìn)行推斷時(shí)，要據(jù)文推理、合情推理，不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。
推理判斷能力的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)根據(jù)所提供的事實(shí)和證據(jù)得出結(jié)論。(2)對語段的深層含義進(jìn)行推理判斷。(3)對語段的言外之意進(jìn)行推理判斷。(4)對文段的背景進(jìn)行推理判斷。
一、題型特點(diǎn)要知曉
(一)推理判斷題題干常用詞
一般來說，推理判斷題題干中主要包括下面的詞語：knw abut, learn frm, infer, imply, suggest, cnclude, purpse, attitude, prbably, mst likely等。
(二)推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)特征
推理判斷題中的正確選項(xiàng)是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn)，正確選項(xiàng)一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。
2．選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會用一些相對能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
(三)推理判斷題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
1．曲解文意：即推測意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項(xiàng)來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會利用里面的詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮，是對原文意思的曲解。
2．張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)與其他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆在一起。題干問的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點(diǎn)；題干問的是其他人的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。
3．偷梁換柱：干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞，造成句意的改變。
4．無中生有：這種類型的干擾項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，但在文章中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐點(diǎn)。其次，這種干擾項(xiàng)也有可能與設(shè)置的問題毫不相干。
5．魚目混珠：魚目混珠類型的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項(xiàng)中，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語境中的具體含義。
6．?dāng)U縮范圍：為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對文意范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等詞語對文意加以限制?！皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。
方法技巧要用好
A.根據(jù)所提供的事實(shí)和證據(jù)得出結(jié)論
1．判定信息源的要素——題干特征
這類題型的常見提問方式是：
By mentining ..., the authr indicates that ________.
The stry/example in the secnd paragraph is meant t ________.
What can we learn frm the ... study?
What is mst likely t
What can we infer abut
The first tw paragraphs suggest that ________.
Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt?
What des the authr think f
Hw wuld the authr feel abut
What is special abut
2．信息源在不同文體中的查找比對方法
這類題型類似于細(xì)節(jié)理解題，需要考生根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞定位到文中相關(guān)的事實(shí)或者作者提供的證據(jù)，理解其含義并得出結(jié)論。這類題型的提問方式并不固定，在不同的文體中會有不同的體現(xiàn)，但是通常題干中會提到相關(guān)的事例、情節(jié)等，解題時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)題干的提示確定答題方向。
做這類題目時(shí)，容易用自己的理解和觀點(diǎn)替代文章的真正含義和作者的觀點(diǎn)，或者由文中其他事實(shí)和證據(jù)得出結(jié)論，并非由題干相關(guān)的證據(jù)所得，因此，解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真分析題干信息，著眼文章，準(zhǔn)確定位。
[例1]
We may think we're a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (裝置) well after they g ut f style. That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
…
32．What des the authr think f new devices?
A．They are envirnment-friendly.
B．They are n better than the ld.
C．They cst mre t use at hme.
D．They g ut f style quickly.
[解題示范]
2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（全國甲卷）B篇節(jié)選
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (線索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
D【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins. (根據(jù)研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇它們的形狀)”可推知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試中是否使用觸覺。故選D。
B.對語段的深層含義進(jìn)行推理判斷
1．據(jù)題干特點(diǎn)初步斷定推理類型
對語段的深層含義推斷能力的考查常常結(jié)合文中的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行設(shè)問，提問方式主要有：
It can be inferred frm the text that ________.
Accrding t ..., we can infer that ________.
Frm the text we can learn/cnclude that ________.
What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
這類題干常含有infer, suggest, imply, cnclude, learn等關(guān)鍵詞，干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置通常是文中直接用于說明細(xì)節(jié)的信息，無關(guān)緊要或片面推出的結(jié)論，與文章內(nèi)容完全相反的結(jié)論，或是不合常理、不合邏輯的結(jié)論等?？忌谧龃祟愵}目時(shí)，很容易誤選說明直接信息的選項(xiàng)或片面結(jié)論項(xiàng)，一般是因?yàn)槲茨茏龀稣_推斷或未能把握文章深層含義所致。
2．深層推斷5注意
(1)嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推斷，切忌摻雜自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。
(2)有些選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù)，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論。
(3)注意文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，這些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。
(4)有時(shí)作者只是客觀地?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí)，并未做評論，考生閱讀時(shí)如果主觀地進(jìn)行推斷就容易出錯(cuò)。如文中提到一樣?xùn)|西貴，并不意味著就買不起。
(5)某些細(xì)節(jié)看似在原文中出現(xiàn)過，但與原文不符，或斷章取義，或因果倒置等。
[例]
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
…
32．What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A．Addictin t smartphnes.
B．Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C．Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D．Impatience with slw service.
[解題示范]
2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（全國甲卷D篇節(jié)選）
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口號), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解決).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
33. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
34. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
35. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. Mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
34A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方歷史學(xué)家Shirley Fitzgerald告訴我，在20世紀(jì)70年代奔向現(xiàn)代化的過程中，悉尼把很多它的過去都拋在了一邊，包括許多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald認(rèn)為悉尼匆忙奔向現(xiàn)代化，正在失去它的傳統(tǒng)。故選A項(xiàng)。
35A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. (另一方面，同時(shí)既年輕又古老也有它的魅力。當(dāng)我遇到一位深思熟慮的年輕商人Anthny時(shí)，我考慮到了這一點(diǎn))”以及最后一段“He is right (他說得沒錯(cuò))”可推知，作者贊同Anthny的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為一座城市可以同時(shí)既年輕又古老。故選A項(xiàng)。
C.對語段的言外之意進(jìn)行推理判斷
1．“言外之意”題的三種提問方式
有時(shí)作者使用某些字、詞、句，不是要表達(dá)字面意思，而是有深層意義，即通常所說的“言外之意”。閱讀理解常涉及這一類題型，提問方式有：
When the writer talks abut ..., what he/she really means is ________.
By “...”， the writer suggests that ________.
What des the underlined sentence “...” in Paragraph ... indicate?
“言外之意”常用來表達(dá)作者對事情的看法和態(tài)度，作者的措辭表達(dá)的并不是字面上的意思，想要表達(dá)的可能是另外一層、甚至相反的意思。這類題目常用于考查對夾敘夾議類文章的理解。
2．“言外之意”題的兩種題型
第一種題型類似于詞義猜測題，題干會明確指出文中的某句話或某段文字，問作者通過這些語句想表達(dá)什么。這種題型一定要關(guān)注這部分的上下文，根據(jù)上下文理解其含義。
第二種題型常常是考查作者對某個(gè)事件的態(tài)度和想法，這種題型一定要關(guān)注作者敘述時(shí)的口吻。①有時(shí)作者描述自己某種并不愉快但又搞笑的經(jīng)歷來娛樂讀者，是一種自嘲；②有時(shí)作者以貌似調(diào)侃的口吻描述對某種社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行抨擊；③有時(shí)作者描述某個(gè)或幾個(gè)事件表達(dá)自己的情感，可能是不滿、諷刺或感激等。
這兩種題型，解題的關(guān)鍵都是要把握文章主旨，正確選項(xiàng)一定是與文章主旨緊密相關(guān)的。
[例]
[1] I began reading wrds when I was eight mnths ld. By the time I was tw, I had read Charltte's Web. My parents thught it was dd, but because I didn't have any siblings fr them t cmpare me with, they didn't realize just hw dd.
[2] At pre-schl in Nrthprt, New Yrk, I quickly vertk everyne. At seven, I was ging int high schl fr my classes but still ding all my scial activities with kids my age. But when I was nine, the public schl administratin said that I had t g t high schl full-time with 16-year-lds. I didn't want t, because sme kids there were always teasing me. It was pretty hrrible when they called me a knw-it-all and tried t grab my hmewrk.
[3] My parents tried t find me anther schl but, in the end, because I was s advanced, the nly place that was n the same level as me was State University f New Yrk at Stny Brk.
[4] The admissins peple said that if I thught I culd manage I culd have a place, as lng as my mther accmpanied me t classes.
[5] S, aged 10, I started an undergraduate degree in applied mathematics. I was frightened n my first day, but I was als excited that I was ging t attend my first real physics class. Mst f the teachers were nice but ne r tw didn't like me. One prfessr said that just because I did as well as the ther male students, it didn't mean I was as gd as them. But the students were supprtive and my parents always made sure that I had a grup f friends f my wn age; they didn't want me t be a scial misfit.
[6] I graduated summa cum laude (with the highest hnr) when I was 14 — the yungest student ever t d s in the US.
[7] I was a perfectinist; I dn't think I wuld have settled fr less than that. I went n t Drexel University and, at 17, I was awarded a Master's and cntinued t study fr a PhD.
[8] But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusined_with_the_science_wrld. I saw bad cnduct and realised that sme prfessrs weren't mtivated by a lve f science. I fell ut with the adviser wh was supervising my PhD. I charged Drexel University in a civil lawsuit and the case has nw gne int private, binding arbitratin (仲裁)．
[9] I believe my adviser applied fr grants and patents using my ideas, and tk credit fr them. He denies this and has accused me f stealing his wrk. Even thugh the university has cleared me f plagiarism (剽竊) it has still refused t award me my PhD.
[10] At the time I was fully expecting t receive my PhD, I applied fr a pst teaching advanced technlgy fusin at Knkuk University in Seul. When I was appinted, I was just under 19, s I made it int Guinness Wrld Recrds.
[11] In Suth Krea, I was treated as a minr celebrity. Peple stared at me wherever I went n campus, and I was asked t give inspiratinal talks t teenagers. But I didn't renew my cntract: I'd had a great year, but I wanted t cme hme.
[12] I still dn't have my PhD and I am angry and disappinted abut that. I wrked s hard all my life and my research ended up ging nwhere.
[13] There's always hpe, but the experience at Drexel has derailed me. If a university gave me a place t cmplete my studies, I wuld take it. But I am smene wh is suing her frmer university, s a lt f clleges are afraid t tuch me.
[14] Fr nw, I'm enrlled in law schl and training t be a lawyer. I want t cmbine legal and science knwledge s that I can prtect peple's research rights.
[15] It's strange being back at schl: I'm 21 years ld and fr the first time in my life, I'm the same age as the ther students.
1．The underlined sentence “But that was when I grew disillusined with the science wrld.” suggests that the authr ________.
A．felt disappinted with what sme scientists d
B．grew ld enugh t be a scientist
C．was treated as a real scientist
D．became mtivated by a lve f science
[解題示范]
2．Hw des the writer feel when she was writing this passage?
A．Prud and frustrated.
B．Excited and angry.
C．Calm and satisfied.
D．Excited and disappinted.
[解題示范]
2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（全國乙卷）B篇節(jié)選
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
25. What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?
A. They enjyed much respect.B. They had a rm with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the lcal kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.
D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning.(他們和一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)丶彝?，哈里森一家一起搬進(jìn)去，和他們一樣，幾乎沒有隱私，很少洗澡，早上醒來時(shí)被子上覆蓋著一層雪。)”以及“In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆蓋在冰上。)”可知，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦，她們飽受磨難。故選D項(xiàng)。
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牽涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
27. What is the text?
A. A news reprt.B. A bk review.C. A children’s stry.D. A diary entry.
B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.(這本書以Rsamnd和Drthy回到奧本結(jié)束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing.( Wickenden是個(gè)很好的講故事的人。大地的遼闊和人們的堅(jiān)忍使她創(chuàng)作出了一些美麗的作品。)”可知，本文簡要介紹了Wickenden的書籍內(nèi)容，并對其進(jìn)行了評價(jià)，所以文本是一篇書評。故選B項(xiàng)。
D對文段的背景進(jìn)行推理判斷
1．三種提問方式
文章的寫作背景是指所描述的事件發(fā)生的背景等，如文章的出處、事件發(fā)生的特定環(huán)境或原因等。這類題目要求能根據(jù)文中關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)和細(xì)節(jié)之間的邏輯關(guān)系對相關(guān)背景進(jìn)行推理判斷，常見的三種提問方式有：
In which sectin f the newspaper wuld yu mst prbably find this passage?
The ... abve is prbably prvided by ...
Frm which is the text prbably taken?
2．解題關(guān)鍵
這類題目常以文章出處為命題方式，要求通過閱讀文章內(nèi)容來推斷文章的寫作背景。理解文章的寫作目的、作者的措辭、語氣和文章所涉及的具體內(nèi)容等是這類題的解題關(guān)鍵。以環(huán)保類文章為例：
(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人們保護(hù)環(huán)境，措詞比較主觀，而語氣以激勵(lì)吸引為主，這樣的文章往往會出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙上，也許會是某個(gè)環(huán)保活動(dòng)的廣告；
(2)如果是為了說明某個(gè)方面存在的問題，措辭比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)客觀，語調(diào)較嚴(yán)肅，那么文章很可能出現(xiàn)在比較正式的媒體上，很可能出現(xiàn)在關(guān)于社會問題的版塊上；
(3)如果是為了告訴讀者有關(guān)新發(fā)現(xiàn)，在文中提到了調(diào)查研究及其結(jié)果，則文章很可能出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙或雜志的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)版塊上。
[注意] 一定要關(guān)注文章的措詞、語氣和寫作目的，僅關(guān)注文章大意是不夠的。
[例]
[1]Many f us lve July because it's the mnth when nature's berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia's fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
[2]Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白質(zhì)), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (櫻桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When cmbined with berries r slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
[4]If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
27．Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A．A bilgy textbk. B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brchure.
[解題示范]
2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（全國乙卷）C篇節(jié)選
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient (高效) acrss the bard.
28. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.(無人機(jī)已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點(diǎn)的正確位置)”可推知，無人機(jī)在高空工作的能力使無人機(jī)應(yīng)用于鐵路線路成為可能。故選A。
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
30. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A. T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段 “Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.(帶有先進(jìn)傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無人機(jī)可以像副駕駛一樣在火車前面行駛。 憑借他們的預(yù)見能力，他們可以發(fā)出任何問題的信號，以便快速行駛的火車能夠及時(shí)做出反應(yīng)。)”可知對于無人機(jī)期待的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。故選A。
三、系統(tǒng)歸納謹(jǐn)記牢
推理判斷題除因題型不同，解題方法稍有不同外，其推理判斷的原則是一致的，那就是依據(jù)原文，合理推斷、適度推斷，而不是妄加推斷、過度推斷。無論何種類型推斷題，其推斷的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是一致的，均應(yīng)該掌握以下技巧和防范以下錯(cuò)誤。
[推斷6技巧]
技巧1 理解通篇大意，把握寫作意圖
做推理判斷題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)對整篇文章有完整、準(zhǔn)確的理解，從總體上把握文章的主題，善于抓住文中的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句子。對文章的引申含義進(jìn)行分析，整合與題目相關(guān)的信息，綜合起來去把握寫作意圖，確定最佳結(jié)論。
技巧2 關(guān)注特定措辭，推斷作者態(tài)度
作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨、反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀、客觀、中立。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。
技巧3 利用語境褒貶，進(jìn)行邏輯推斷
幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫作意圖。因此，考生閱讀文章時(shí)一定要找出反映語境褒貶性的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷。
技巧4 抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理
逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由結(jié)論出發(fā)，去驗(yàn)證結(jié)論的正確性并尋找論據(jù)。做此類命題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理和判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。
技巧5 結(jié)合已知常識，進(jìn)行邏輯推理
閱讀理解命題通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不會離開所給材料。但有時(shí)，命題者會巧妙地把人們所知的常識融入命題。如果考生忽略了常識或不知道這一常識，這樣的命題就很難處理。
技巧6 根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處
判斷文章出處的題目應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容來著手。一般來說，報(bào)紙上的新聞前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱等；廣告類文章因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說明類文章，如器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式；藥品有服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等；來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章一般比較新穎、時(shí)效性強(qiáng)。
[謹(jǐn)防4失誤]
解答推理判斷題一定要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，即立足已知，推斷未知，不能主觀臆想，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。推理判斷題難度大，主要在于它的干擾項(xiàng)極具迷惑性，極易轉(zhuǎn)移考生視線，使他們掉入陷阱?？忌３霈F(xiàn)的典型錯(cuò)誤有：
隨堂練習(xí)
2021年英語高考全國甲卷D
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性別)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章由問題“誰是天才？”引入，論述了世人對天才的狹隘定義，提出事實(shí)上“天才”有很多種形式，不要讓思維限制了我們的“天才”能力。
12A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“It is said that histry is written by victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club-wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief-they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.( 據(jù)說歷史是由勝利者書寫的，而那些勝利者為進(jìn)入天才俱樂部設(shè)定了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂部以外的天才——女性或不同膚色或信仰的人——做出貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，他們不會被承認(rèn)并且被其他人拒絕)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為那些“勝利者”對進(jìn)入“天才俱樂部”設(shè)置的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不公平的，因?yàn)榕曰蛘卟煌w色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承認(rèn)的。故選A。
13D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩們是按照這個(gè)信念行事的。六歲左右，她們開始避免那些據(jù)說是“非常非常聰明”的孩子參加的活動(dòng))”可推知，女孩容易受到社會信仰的影響，認(rèn)為自己在六歲左右就不適合做“聰明孩子”做的事情。故選D。
14A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的“In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we’re all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear.( 在一個(gè)全球通訊不斷的有線世界里，我們隨時(shí)隨地都能看到天才的閃現(xiàn))”可知，進(jìn)步的全球通訊讓更多的天才被公眾所知道。故選A。
15B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，結(jié)合文章第一段提出問題“Wh is a genius?（誰是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, wh are able t change the wrld.”(正如一位作家所說，未來的天才來自那些具有“智慧、創(chuàng)造力、毅力和那些能夠改變世界的簡單天才?！?”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大貢獻(xiàn)的人，他們也可以是某一方面比較突出的普通人。由此可知B項(xiàng)“天才有多種形式”可以作為本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選B。
2021年全國高考乙卷英語試題
D
During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干擾）in his pen ffice, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus”. His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分貝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne’s creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f “distracted fcus” appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can’t stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers’ cnversatins while we’re trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
32. Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A. It helps him cncentrate.B. It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C. It has a pleasant atmsphere.D. It encurages face-t-face interactins.
33. Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A. Ttal silence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A. Persnal privacy unprtected.B. Limited wrking space.
C. Restrictins n grup discussin.D. Cnstant interruptins.
35. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He’s a news reprter.
B. He’s an ffice manager.
C. He’s a prfessinal designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【分析】這是一篇說明文。作者通過自身經(jīng)歷講述人們?yōu)槭裁床幌矚g開放性辦公室以及有關(guān)多少分貝的噪音最有利于人們的創(chuàng)造性思維的研究。
32A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street - s I can fcus.（這就是為什么我在街對面的公用辦公空間有會員資格——這樣我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采訪者喜歡共享辦公空間的原因是那里可以幫助他集中精力。故選A項(xiàng)。
33C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup - thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp - significantly utperfrmed the ther grups.（大多數(shù)組之間的差異在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上是不顯著的；然而，音量為70分貝的那組參與者（置身于類似于咖啡店背景噪音的環(huán)境中）的表現(xiàn)明顯好于其他組。）”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise - nt t lud and nt ttal silence - may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分貝的結(jié)果很顯著，該研究還表明，適當(dāng)?shù)谋尘霸胍簟灰舐?，也不要完全安靜——實(shí)際上可能會提高一個(gè)人的創(chuàng)造性思維能力。）”可知，70分貝的那組參與者表現(xiàn)好于其他組，所以70分貝的噪音背景環(huán)境更有可能促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C項(xiàng)。
34D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.（那么，為什么我們中有那么多人討厭開放式辦公室呢？問題可能是，在我們的辦公室里，當(dāng)我們試圖集中注意力時(shí)，我們無法阻止自己卷入別人的談話中。的確，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，面對面的互動(dòng)和對話會影響創(chuàng)作過程，然而，共同工作空間或咖啡館在提供一定程度的噪音的同時(shí)，也提供不受干擾的自由。）”可知，開放式辦公室不受人們歡迎的原因是讓我們不斷地卷入別人的談話中，受到很多干擾。故選D 項(xiàng)。
35D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften.（在一次采訪我的一本書時(shí)，我的采訪者說了一些我至今還經(jīng)常想起的話。）”可知，作者提到有人采訪自己的書，所以可以推斷，作者是一位作家。故選D項(xiàng)。
2021 年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（新高考 I 卷）
D
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重視) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (視角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了情商的定義以及對有關(guān)于情商未來研究的期望。
32D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于這些品質(zhì)的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一個(gè)人的積極品質(zhì)。故選D項(xiàng)。
33B【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (醫(yī)生可能利用這種準(zhǔn)確理解他人感受的能力來找到最好的幫助病人的方法，而騙子可能利用這種能力來控制潛在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“醫(yī)生”和“騙子”是舉例子來闡明下文的觀點(diǎn)——情商高并不一定能使一個(gè)人成為有道德的人。故選B項(xiàng)。
34A【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣傳的總體效果一直是利大于弊。這種普及最積極的方面是雇主、教育者和其他對促進(jìn)社會福利感興趣的人對情感進(jìn)行了新的、迫切需要的強(qiáng)調(diào)。情商的普及幫助了公眾和研究人員)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為情商普及是對人們有利的。故選A項(xiàng)。
35B【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我們希望這種關(guān)注將激發(fā)人們對情感科學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)研究的更大興趣。我們希望在未來的幾十年里，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步將為研究人們?nèi)绾喂芾碜约旱纳钐峁┬碌囊暯?”可推知，本段主要談了對未來關(guān)于情商研究的期望。故選B項(xiàng)。
議論文
關(guān)注所舉事例的段落的主題句，因?yàn)樽髡吲e例是為了證明觀點(diǎn)，所以尋找主題句就是解題關(guān)鍵。
說明文
關(guān)注文中關(guān)于說明對象的關(guān)鍵信息，有時(shí)候信息不一定在某一段出現(xiàn)，可能出現(xiàn)在不同的段落，需要細(xì)心查找，再進(jìn)行組合，綜合考慮得出結(jié)論。
科技說明文
通常是考查對文中某個(gè)調(diào)查、實(shí)驗(yàn)、例子或數(shù)據(jù)的理解，根據(jù)題干中的信息定位到文中相關(guān)信息，讀懂調(diào)查或?qū)嶒?yàn)的目的和結(jié)果非常關(guān)鍵。
記敘文
大多會涉及事情的結(jié)局、某種情況的原因等，解題的關(guān)鍵是讀懂故事情節(jié)，理清事情發(fā)展態(tài)勢，關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)。
題干信息
What des the authr think f：作者態(tài)度
new devices：新設(shè)備
文體特點(diǎn)
科技說明文：一項(xiàng)研究新舊設(shè)備耗能的報(bào)告。
原文查找
That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
信息整合
①做同樣的事情舊設(shè)備耗能高(cnsume much mre energy)
②舊設(shè)備不利于環(huán)境保護(hù)(bad news fr the envirnment)
③舊設(shè)備更浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)(ur wallets)
信息推斷
上面舊設(shè)備的缺點(diǎn)是在和新設(shè)備相比較(than the newer nes)得出的結(jié)論，故新設(shè)備可以克服以上缺點(diǎn)。
選項(xiàng)分析
A．新設(shè)備是環(huán)保的(They are envirnment-friendly)；屬于正確信息推斷。
B．新設(shè)備并不比舊設(shè)備好(They are n better than the ld)；屬于“無中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
C．新設(shè)備在家中使用的費(fèi)用更高(They cst mre t use at hme)；屬于“無中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D．新設(shè)備很快就過時(shí)了(They g ut f style quickly)；屬于“曲解文意”型錯(cuò)誤。
得出結(jié)論
由以上信息分析可知，A項(xiàng)正確。
細(xì)研題干定題型
由題干可知本題是對文章局部(第一段)進(jìn)行深層理解的考查。
細(xì)讀語段明大意
地點(diǎn)
公共場合：①電梯中；②在銀行排隊(duì)中；③飛機(jī)上
人物
①專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)；②苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄別選項(xiàng)定答案
細(xì)研干擾項(xiàng)
A項(xiàng)為原文中的事實(shí)，不是推斷出的內(nèi)容。
B項(xiàng)，文中提及的這些行為是否“合適”原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D項(xiàng)在原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
斷定
答案
該段提到在公共場合中，周圍都是人的情況下，人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)，或者苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中，從中可以推斷出文章首段描述了陌生人之間缺少交流的現(xiàn)象。故選擇C項(xiàng)。
細(xì)研題干定題型
由題干可知，該題屬于第一種題型，類似詞義猜測題。
通讀全文定基調(diào)
細(xì)讀出處推答案
讀畫線部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad cnduct arbitratin (仲裁)．”提到她發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)校里不好的做法，意識到有些教授不是出于對科學(xué)的熱愛，所以感到失望，故選A項(xiàng)。
細(xì)研題干定題型
由題干可知，該題屬于第二種題型，需要通過作者的描述和措詞來推斷作者態(tài)度。
關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)
1.關(guān)注幾個(gè)年齡段
2.關(guān)注第六段“highest”和“yungest”→再次凸顯自豪之情
3.關(guān)注第八段中作者的挫折→開始失望
4.關(guān)注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士學(xué)位而“angry”和“disappinted”→遭遇不順利
5.關(guān)注第十五段用詞，“21歲”又和“同齡人”一起學(xué)法律→無奈→挫敗感
確定答案
由以上可看出作者在字里行間對自己天賦的一種肯定和自豪，同時(shí)也有著一連串的挫折和無奈，故選A項(xiàng)。
細(xì)研題干定題型
文章出處題。
文章內(nèi)容
本文介紹了豐收的七月給我們帶來的多種漿果和核果，并告訴我們這些果實(shí)富含的營養(yǎng)成分和可以制作成各種美食。
文章語氣
第一段介紹了七月是水果豐富的季節(jié)；第二段介紹了各種莓類所含的營養(yǎng)成分；第三、四段介紹各種水果搭配的食用方法。在這一過程中作者使用了客觀的語氣，通俗易懂的方法，形象地說明了水果搭配的技巧。
確定答案
本文是向大眾介紹飲食方法，跟健康有關(guān)，應(yīng)該出自健康雜志。所以B項(xiàng)正確。
張冠李戴
命題人把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來，粗心的考生往往會不知不覺地中了圈套。
以偏概全
考生做題往往忽略了文章的主體，把注意力過度集中在某一點(diǎn)，最終得出“以偏概全”的結(jié)論。
浮于表面
每篇文章都有一個(gè)特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個(gè)信息，或是娛樂讀者，或是闡述某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。這些信息通常以敘述的形式展現(xiàn)出來，作者并不發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)，因此主題往往比較含蓄。但是許多考生會分不清現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì)，把現(xiàn)象等同于作者的意圖。
推己及人
很多時(shí)候作者的態(tài)度傾向一般不會明確表明，往往隱含其中?？忌酌撾x原文而進(jìn)行主觀臆斷，用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。