新教材適用2024版高考英語一輪總復習語法專題突破專題1千變?nèi)f化的動詞第1講謂語動詞課件

這是一份新教材適用2024版高考英語一輪總復習語法專題突破專題1千變?nèi)f化的動詞第1講謂語動詞課件，共60頁。PPT課件主要包含了第一講　謂語動詞，考點分層演練，一　動詞的時態(tài)，were　，will earn，was fixing，feels，has walked，had，been等內(nèi)容，歡迎下載使用。

語法專題突破
專題一　千變?nèi)f化的動詞
第一講　謂語動詞
考點分層演練
閱讀下面短文，體會、領悟加黑部分的時態(tài)、語態(tài)。I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students' union. I am writing①to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see③ this. It is③ clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion
一　動詞的時態(tài)
when our headmaster came④ and joined④ us. After the meeting, the headmaster said④ that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students' Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
①是現(xiàn)在進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞。表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動作。②是現(xiàn)在完成進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋現(xiàn)在分詞。表示從過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能繼續(xù)下去的動作。③是一般現(xiàn)在時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：be動詞：am/is/are；行為動詞：謂語動詞為動詞原形或動詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，還可表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習慣性動作。④是一般過去時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：謂語動詞用動詞的一般過去式形式。表示在過去某個時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
⑤是過去進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞。表示在過去某一時間正在進行的動作。⑥是過去完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had＋過去分詞。表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。⑦是過去將來時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：would＋動詞原形。表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)。另外此處主語 dustbins為動作的承受者，所以用被動語態(tài)。⑧是現(xiàn)在完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：has/have＋過去分詞。表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。⑨是一般將來時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋動詞原形。表示在將來某一時刻要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
一、詞形變化在時態(tài)的變化中，動詞的形式需要發(fā)生相應的變化。動詞形式不正確已經(jīng)成為英語寫作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同時態(tài)中的詞形變化。
二、核心考點高考中通常把時態(tài)和語境結(jié)合起來考查(常在語法填空和短文改錯兩個題型中考查)。題干中往往沒有明確的時間狀語，需要考生搜索出時間參照信息。英語有16種時態(tài)，中學階段常用的是9種。1．一般現(xiàn)在時(am/is/are；動詞原形或動詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式)(1)常常表示人現(xiàn)在的習慣或現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作。常用的時間狀語有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。I usually do my homework in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作業(yè)。
(2)在時間、條件等狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。(3)表示客觀事實、真理、格言或者警句等。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。2．一般過去時(過去式)(1)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday，last year，the other day等時間狀語連用。He arrived at school at 9：00 a．m. yesterday.他昨天上午九點到學校。
(2)根據(jù)上下文或主從句提示。I didn't pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我沒有通過考試，這讓我父母很生氣。3．一般將來時表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)或臨時做出的決定，常用will/shall＋動詞原形或者強調(diào)主觀看法，表示主語打算、計劃等決定要做的事要用is/am/are going to＋動詞原形，常與表示將來的時間狀語tomorrow，next week等連用。It is said that he will retire next month.據(jù)說他將于下月卸任。
4．現(xiàn)在進行時(am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞)(1)表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發(fā)生的動作；也可以表示當時一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。常用的時間狀語有now，at present, this week等。Mother is waiting for me.母親在等我。What lesson are you studying this week?你們本周學哪一課了？(2)代替一般將來時，表示即將發(fā)生的動作。動詞一般多為表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞。如：go, come, leave, arrive等。
5．過去進行時(was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞)(1)表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作。常用的時間狀語then，at that time等。I was doing my lessons then.那時我在做功課。(2)代替過去將來時，表示過去即將發(fā)生的動作。He said he was coming to see me.他說他要來看我。
單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _______(be)previously unprotected. ②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) If an essay is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it ____________(earn) a zero.③(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry _____________(fix) his car when he heard the screams.
were　
will earn
was fixing
④(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)You might think about posting what you ______________(look) for on social media, but it probably won't result in a useful response.⑤(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it_______ (feel) great to have done something useful.
are looking
feels
6．現(xiàn)在完成時(have/has＋過去分詞)(1)表示動作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前某個沒有明確說出的過去時間，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，且結(jié)果仍對現(xiàn)在有影響?！狪'm sorry，but I don't quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?—Sorry，I haven't made myself clear.We want to return on October 20.——對不起，我沒完全明白你的話。你是說你們打算9月20號回來嗎？——對不起，我沒有表達清楚。我們打算10月20號回來。
(2)表示一個動作從過去開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小說自上個月出版以來獲得了許多好評。(3)考查現(xiàn)在完成時，往往有較為明顯的時間狀語。如already，just，yet，since，for＋一段時間，up to now，until now，ever since，so far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.在過去的3小時里我已經(jīng)學了大約200個英語單詞了。
(4)下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時。It has been＋一段時間＋since從句This/That/It is the first/second...time that＋現(xiàn)在完成時This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting...＋名詞＋that＋現(xiàn)在完成時This is the first time that I have made a speech.這是我第一次做演講。It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.這是我所讀過的最有趣的小說。
7．過去完成時 (had＋過去分詞)(1)表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。用在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句的句子中。I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.在我爸爸回來之前我已經(jīng)把手機收起來了。(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用過去完成時，表示“一……就……”。當hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首時，其后要用部分倒裝。No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.他們剛從房子里跑出來房子就燒塌了。
(3)hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
單句語法填空①(2022·全國甲卷) In the last five years, Cao _____________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)He hesitated and then said he ______________ (decide) not to run.③No sooner ______ we _______(be) seated than the bus started.④(2021·廣東六校聯(lián)考)The master carpenter ____________ (draw)over 1.18 million subscribers so far on the Internet. ⑤As is reported, the number of smokers ______________ (drop) by 17 percent in just one year thanks to the push of health knowledge.
has walked
had decided
had
been
has drawn
has dropped
8．過去將來時(should/would＋動詞原形)表示從過去的某一時間來看將來要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用于賓語從句和間接引語中。She said she would retire the next year.她說她明年就退休了。I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我不知道兒子緊接著要說什么。
9．現(xiàn)在完成進行時(have/has＋been＋現(xiàn)在分詞)(1)常用來表示開始于過去某個時間，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會繼續(xù)進行下去的動作。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.這些年來，他們一直為我們雜志寫稿。(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間里一直在反復進行的動作。We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我們常常見面。
單句語法填空①(2022·全國乙卷) With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains ___________ (be)able to react in time.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)It's good to have a different focus. People ____________________ (bring) their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them.
would be
have been bringing
③Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he _________(be) a famous scientist whose theories _____________ (change) the world.④The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities __________________ (rise) steadily since 1997. ⑤Since then—for all these years—we _____________________(allow) tomatoes to self-seed where they please.
would be
would change
has been rising
have been allowing
閱讀下面短文，體會、領悟加黑部分的語態(tài)。Xiao Ming's CellphoneXiao Ming's cellphone was broken① by his father yesterday evening.I couldn't get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired② then.Before this，his cellphone had been broken③ four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didn't study hard.
二　動詞的語態(tài)
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.However，many of them are being used⑤ to play games by teenagers.So far，many questions have been raised⑥by their parents.Should they be used⑦ by students? Xiao Ming's cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ to play games again.
①是被動語態(tài)的一般過去時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋過去分詞。②是被動語態(tài)的過去進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋being＋過去分詞。③是被動語態(tài)的過去完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had been＋過去分詞。④是被動語態(tài)的一般現(xiàn)在時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋過去分詞。⑤是被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋being＋過去分詞。⑥是被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋過去分詞。⑦是帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。
⑧是被動語態(tài)的一般將來時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be＋過去分詞。⑨是被動語態(tài)的將來完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋have been＋過去分詞。⑩是被動語態(tài)的將來進行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be being＋過去分詞。
1．不及物動詞及短語沒有被動語態(tài)。An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed.昨晚在回家的路上發(fā)生了一起意外事故，死了五個人。A big fire broke out in our school last week.上周我們學校發(fā)生了一場大火。
2．被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動語態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介/副詞。Trees should not be planted in summer.夏天不應該種樹。The boy was made fun of by his classmates.這個男孩被他的同學取笑了。
3．漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示，構(gòu)成It is＋done...形式。如：It is said/reported that...據(jù)說/據(jù)報道……It is well known that...眾所周知……It must be pointed out that...必須指出……It must be admitted that...人們必須承認……It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that...人們普遍認為/希望/相信……
It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice.人們普遍認為學好一門外語的關(guān)鍵就是練習。It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.據(jù)報告，近一兩日氣溫將明顯下降。
4．下面的主動形式常表示被動意義。(1)feel/taste/smell/look/sound＋adj.Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn't contain enough nutrition.垃圾食品吃起來美味但營養(yǎng)不足。Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn't practical.你的想法聽起來很棒但不切實際。(2)want/need/require doingThe window wants/needs/requires repairing.這扇窗戶需要修理。Your composition still requires polishing to be published.你的文章出版前還需潤色。
(3)wash/sell/write/read＋adv.The clothes washes well.這些衣服很好洗。Her new book was interesting and sold well.她的新書很有趣并且賣得不錯。
單句語法填空①(2022·全國乙卷) Scottish National Portrait Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They ________ (hold) in the Lecture Room. ②(2022·全國甲卷) In a recent experiment, cockatoos ______________ (present) with a box with a nut inside it. ③(2022·全國乙卷)Since April drinks companies _________________ (force) to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
are held
were presented
have been forced
④ (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which _________________ (grade). ⑤(2022·全國乙卷) That can be dangerous work that could __________ (avoid) with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. ⑥(2021·3月天津)Currently, about 35,000 works __________________(dispaly) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
will be graded
be avoided
are being displayed
⑦(2021·1月浙江)It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 ___________(consider) healthy.⑧A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ___________________(trap) in the mountains for two days.
is considered
had been
trapped
1．掌握獨特的時間狀語標志(1)時間基點為現(xiàn)在，題干中如用always，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等，用一般現(xiàn)在時。(2)題干中如用yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等，用一般過去時。(3)題干中如用tomorrow，next year，in a week等，用一般將來時。(4)題干中如用now，at present等，用現(xiàn)在進行時。(5)題干中如用at that time，then，at six o'clock yesterday等，用過去進行時。
(6)題干中如用at this time tomorrow，from 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock tomorrow等，用將來進行時。(7)題干中如用so far，up to now，in/over/during the last year/past few years等，用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2．熟記固定句型中的時態(tài)(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用過去進行時，when后面的句子常用一般過去時。(2)It is/has been＋時間段＋since...表示“自從……以來已……”，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時。(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來時。3．分清主動被動，辨析語態(tài)看到主語為物，且動詞為及物動詞，要想到用被動語態(tài)。
1．語法一致原則I live① in Beijing while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven't① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle are against④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.
三　主謂一致
該原則要求謂語動詞必須與主語在語法形式上保持一致，即主語是單數(shù)形式則動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復數(shù)形式則動詞用復數(shù)形式：①根據(jù)主語的人稱和數(shù)，來確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)。②主語是不定式或動名詞，動詞用單數(shù)。③主語是從句，動詞一般用單數(shù)。④主語后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短語，謂語動詞跟這些詞前面的主語一致。
⑤主語為someone，anyone，everyone等不定代詞時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。⑥關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。
2．意義一致原則I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don't② understand me，the majority of people I met on my way are③ friendly.The old don't④ support my crazy behaviour，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they have been used to this.①表示時間、數(shù)量、長度及價格的名詞，盡管有時是復數(shù)形式，但常被看作是一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。②“a number of＋復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
③the majority of，the rest of，分數(shù)/百分數(shù)＋of＋名詞，要根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)或者是否可數(shù)來確定謂語動詞的數(shù)。④“the＋adj.”表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；表示一類物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。⑤family，group，team，class，government等集體名詞，當其表示集體意義，強調(diào)整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；當其表示集體中各個組成部分，強調(diào)個體概念時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
3．就近一致原則There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.①here/there引導一個句子而且主語不止一個時，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。②由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。
1．用and連接的并列主語，如果主語是同一個人，同一事，同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，否則用復數(shù)。The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了。(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。(兩樣物)注意：用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體，如：bread and butter(黃油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
2．若主語中有more than one 或many a/an ，盡管從意義上看是復數(shù)，但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more＋復數(shù)名詞＋than one作主語時，謂語動詞仍用復數(shù)。Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球。More than one student was late.不止一個學生遲到。More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們。
3．形復意單名詞如：news；以－ics 結(jié)尾的學科名稱如：physics，mathematics，economics；國名如：the United States；報紙名如：the New Times；書名如：Arabian Nights《天方夜譚》；以及the United Nations聯(lián)合國等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
單句語法填空①(2022·全國乙卷) Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood _____ (be) of great importance. ②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I used to keep hens when I ______ (be) younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.③(2022·浙江卷) New researchers found that middle-aged women who _______ (be) physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life.
is
was
were
④(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I looked around and finally spotted David, who ______ (be) standing by himself off to the side by a fence. ⑤(2022·全國乙卷) Initially the sugar tax ________________ (expect) to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury.⑥The teacher and poet often ________(give) lectures around the city.⑦Nobody but Jim and Mike _____(be) on the playground now.⑧As far as I know，his family _____ not very large but the family ______ all music lovers.(be)⑨The poor _______(be) looked down upon in the old days.⑩Neither his parents nor I __________(be) able to persuade him to change his mind.
was
was expected
gives
is
is
are
were
am/was
1．找準句子中的主語，看主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。2．牢記特殊用法的結(jié)構(gòu)，用對謂語動詞的數(shù)。3．注意結(jié)合時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
1．can/couldMary—M　 Nancy—NM：Can① you read this word?N：Sorry，I can't①.M：Can/Could② I use your dictionary?N：Of course you can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictionary?M：Can④ it be in your dormitory?N：No，it can't④ be.I never study in my dormitory.
四　情態(tài)動詞
M：Could you have lent⑤ it to your deskmate?N：No，my deskmate couldn't have borrowed⑤ a dictionary because he hates English.It might be in Jane's desk，but I can't⑥ touch her books without permission.M：An organized person can⑦ forget things.
can/could的意義及用法①can表能力，意為“能夠”。②can表請求，could 表示委婉語氣。③can表許可。④can表推測，意為“可能”，常用于疑問句/否定句。⑤couldn't have done 意為“不可能做過某事”，Could sb./sth.have done...? 意為“某人/某物可能做過某事嗎？”，表示對過去的推測，用于疑問句或否定句。⑥can't 表示客觀條件不允許。⑦can表示客觀上存在這種可能性但不一定發(fā)生。
2．may/mightMike—M　Teacher—TM：May/Might① I come in?T：Yes，you may②.You're almost late，and where is your deskmate?M：Hmm，I don't know.He may/might③ be on the way to school.T：He might③ be；that is，he might not③ be on his way to school.Mike，you may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn't he come yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might not have set⑤ the alarm clock.
may/might的意義及用法①表示請求。②表示許可，不用might。③表示對現(xiàn)在的猜測，might表示語氣更不肯定。④may as well“還是……好”。⑤might have done表示對過去的猜測，意為“可能做了某事”。might not have done意為“可能沒做某事”。
3．mustJane—J　Mother—MJ：Mom，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，you must①.J：Must① I take it right now?M：No，you needn't②.You can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I've told you to wear your coat，but you must④ wear your T-shirt.Besides，you must have played⑤ outdoors.You mustn't⑥ do it again.
must的意義及用法①must表必須，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn't。③must be表示對現(xiàn)在的猜測，只用于肯定句。④must表示非要，偏偏。⑤must have done 表示對過去的推測，只用于肯定句中，意為“一定做過某事”。⑥mustn't 表示禁止意為“不可以”，不表示推測。
4．shouldBoss—B　Jane—J　Steven—SB：It's nine now and everyone should① be here.Where is Steven? He should have arrived② ten minutes ago.J：Really strange，I can't imagine Mr. Punctual should③ be late for work.B：Here he comes.Why are you late，Steven?S：I'm terribly sorry，sir. I shouldn't have drunk② too much coffee yesterday evening.I kept my eyes open until four o'clock in the morning.B：A person like you shouldn't drink④ too much coffee，tea either.S：Yes，I ought to be punctual as usual.
should的意義及用法①表示推測，意思為“按理說應當”。②should have done 意為“過去本應做而沒做”，shouldn't have done表示“過去本不應做卻做了”，含有虛擬的意味。③表“竟然”。④should (not) do sth.＝ought (not) to do sth.“(不)應該做某事”。
5．shallMan—M　Woman—WM：Hi，where are you going?W：I shall① go to New York.M：Me too！Oh，your suitcase is heavy. Shall② I carry it for you，Miss？(carrying the suitcase to the woman's seat and sitting beside the woman)W：Thank you for helping me，but it's required that everyone shall③ sit on his own seat.M：It doesn't matter.W：Stay away from me，or I will call the police.You shall④ be sorry for what you do.Sir，I need your help.(waving to a policeman)
shall的意義及用法①用于第一人稱，表將要做某事。②用于第一、三人稱疑問句，表請求。③用于第二、三人稱陳述句，表示按照正式的規(guī)定要做的事。④用于第二、三人稱陳述句，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。
6．need/dareMike—M　Jack—JM：Do you dare to take① your cellphone to the examination?J：No，I dare not do② it；I needn't do③ it either.M：You study well，so you don't need to cheat④.I am different.J：Stop thinking about cheating，and you can't get away with it.You need to⑤ study hard.No pains，no gains.
need/dare的意義及用法?dare和need在作情態(tài)動詞時，沒有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，常用于疑問句和否定句。疑問句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加not，如用法第②和③。?dare和need作實意動詞時，有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，常用于肯定句中。如果構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句，需要加助動詞do/does，且其后要加to do。如用法第①④⑤。?其用法簡單總結(jié)為：有助有to，無助無to。
7．will/wouldTom—T　Mary—MM：How about the new watch?T：I will① never use it any more.It just won't② give the correct time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine o' clock in the morning？She would/used to④ have a nap in the afternoon.M：The phone is ringing，but I am busy with my work.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
will/would的意義及用法①表示意愿。②表示物的屬性。③表示人現(xiàn)在的習慣，意為“常常做某事”。④would/used to表示過去的習慣。⑤表示臨時起意。
1．用于固定習語中：can't... too/enough (無論……也不過分；越……越好)You can't be too careful when crossing a busy street.＝Y(jié)ou can't be careful enough when crossing a busy street.你橫穿馬路的時候，再怎么小心都不為過/越小心越好。
2．情態(tài)動詞＋have done
用適當?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空(必要時加not)①(2022·全國甲卷) In humans, babies ______ put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical shapes. ②(2022·全國甲卷) Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules ______ seem random and strange, but they are important in various countries.
can
may
③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Class activities will vary from day to day, but students _______ be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion. ④(2022·全國乙卷) The one in the new environment _________ be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned. ⑤(2021·3月天津)It used to be that you ________drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
must
should
could
⑥Everyone present will not believe such a gentleman _________ do that.⑦You ___________ play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.⑧You ________ be punished for what you have done.⑨It _______ have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.⑩I ___________ have taken the umbrella，for the weather is fine.
should
mustn't
shall
must
needn't
1．wish/would rather/as if/if onlyMr. Zhang—Z　Mr. Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr. Zhang and Mr. Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.W：I would rather I hadn't invited② you to go out.Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.W：If only you hadn't fallen② into the river! If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn't blame③ this on me.
五　虛擬語氣
as if/though好像，wish希望，would rather寧可，寧愿，if only要是……就好了，這四組詞后的從句往往用虛擬語氣。①對現(xiàn)在(以及would rather對將來)的虛擬，從句謂語用過去式(be的過去式用were)。②對過去的虛擬，從句謂語用had＋過去分詞。③對將來的虛擬，從句謂語用would/could/might＋動詞原形(would rather除外)。
2．條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣Mr. Zhang—Z　Wife—W(in the hospital)Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①W：If you hadn't gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn't have caught a cold.②Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr. Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn't have forgotten to wear warm coats.④W：Is it all Lao Wang's fault? But for/Without Mr. Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn't have fallen into the water.⑥ I'd catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦?①②⑦為if條件句引導的虛擬語氣，從句和主句的結(jié)構(gòu)為：對現(xiàn)在的虛擬：If＋主語＋did/were...，主語＋would/could/should/might do...對過去的虛擬：If＋主語＋had done...，主語＋would/could/should/might have done...對將來的虛擬：If＋主語＋did/should/were to do...，主語＋would/could/should/might do...
?⑥為條件虛擬語氣句的省略與倒裝，結(jié)構(gòu)為：Had＋主語＋done，主語＋would (not)have done...Were＋主語＋to do/Should＋主語＋do，主語＋would do...?③④⑤為含蓄虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)如下：主語＋would have done...，but 過去的事實主語＋would do...，but 現(xiàn)在的事實without/but for＋n.，主語＋would do(與現(xiàn)在相反)without/but for＋n.，主語＋would have done (與過去相反)現(xiàn)在的事實，otherwise/or＋主語＋would do過去的事實，otherwise/or＋主語＋would have done
3．名詞性從句和定語從句中的虛擬語氣Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn't cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he should not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he should take out the cellphone and commanded that he should phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher should not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher should give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students should not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike should study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
?某些特定的動詞之后的賓語從句常用含有should的虛擬語氣，即“(should＋)動詞原形”。如①，這類動詞包括“一堅持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建議”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。?上述動詞用于It is/was＋過去分詞＋that從句時，從句使用帶should的虛擬語氣，如②。?上述動詞的名詞形式如requirement，suggestion等，其后的表語從句或同位語從句用含有should的虛擬語氣，如③。?It is high/about time that sb.did/should do sth.也是常見的虛擬語氣形式，如④。
4．It is＋adj.＋that sb.should do...English teacher：It is important/essential/necessary that you should learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I should learn English well.某些It is/was＋形容詞＋that引導的主語從句中，主語從句要用虛擬語氣，即“(should＋)動詞原形”，這類形容詞包括 important，essential，necessary，strange 等等。
1．當suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“堅持認為，堅持說”之意時，suggest/insist后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣，而使用陳述語氣。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他臉上的笑容表明他對我們的工作很滿意。The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he should not be sent to hospital.這個老人堅持認為他沒有病，堅持要求他不應該被送到醫(yī)院。
2．錯綜時間條件句當從句、主句所表示的行為發(fā)生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所在的時間作出相應的調(diào)整。If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn't suffer so much now.如果你昨天聽老師的，你現(xiàn)在就不會受這么多苦。
單句語法填空①The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I ___________(be) there before!②Our only request is that this ________________________(settle) as soon as possible.③I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he ____________________(arrive) on time.
had been
(should) be settled
would have
arrived
④If it ____________________________(rain) tomorrow，they would not go out for a picnic.⑤If you ____________(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
should rain/were to rain/rained
had taken
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣解題“兩注意”注意一：若句中謂語動詞為原形，在其前設純空格題時，注意考慮情態(tài)動詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。注意二：一旦判斷所給動詞在句中作謂語，就要考慮其時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等，特別是注意虛擬語氣中的時態(tài)。判斷虛擬語氣，除了常見的if虛擬條件句，還應注意其他常搭配虛擬語氣的句型。
考點分層演練
層級一　基礎達標練單句語法填空1．It is the first time that my son __________(meet) Zhong Nanshan，the renowned Chinese hero face to face.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。It is the first time that＋sb.have/has done sth.，這是某人第幾次做某事。所以答案為現(xiàn)在完成時，且主語為my son。故填has met。
has met
2．The girl ________(shake) her head happily，and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)下文“and the pot of milk on her head immediately fell onto the ground”時態(tài)是過去時，前后時態(tài)應該一致，所以用過去時。故填shook。3．The father as well as his kids ________________(discuss) where to spend the weekend now.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)該句中的時間狀語now可知，此處用現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)。主語是The father，所以用單數(shù)。故填is discussing。
shook
is discussing
4．When fat and salt ______________(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)句意，此處為客觀事實，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語為fat and salt，謂語動詞為復數(shù)。主語fat and salt與remove為被動關(guān)系。故填are removed。
are removed
5．The day after tomorrow，I，as well as my friends Zhang Ming and Li Hua，_____(be) going to buy books.解析：考查主謂一致。句意：后天，我和我的朋友張明和李華將會去買書。根據(jù)句意和題干可知此處為be going to句型，as well as連接兩個主語，謂語動詞應和前面的I保持一致。故填am。
am
6．Either the beautiful views of this modern city or its local custom ________________(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：無論是這座現(xiàn)代化城市的美麗景色還是當?shù)氐娘L俗習慣在過去的這些年都已經(jīng)吸引了成千上萬的游客。由“during the past years”可知，這句話使用現(xiàn)在完成時。“either...or...”連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞形式遵循“就近一致”原則，its local custom是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以謂語動詞也應使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填has attracted。
has attracted
7．The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which _______(be) saved for other purposes.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。which指代先行詞materials。當the rest在句中作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于后面的名詞，如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)。如果是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。本句中的materials是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式。故填were。
were
8．On the stage ______(be) a number of famous singers，whose songs are welcomed by the majority of young people.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：有許多著名的歌手在舞臺上，他們的歌曲受大多數(shù)年輕人的喜歡。a number of修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)，從“whose songs are welcomed by...”可知用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填are。
are
9．If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌詞) _____________(speak) in the background of the songs.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。notice后是一個由how引導的賓語從句，該從句中缺謂語，而且the lyrics與動詞speak之間是被動關(guān)系，因此用被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知這里講的是一般情況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填are spoken。
are spoken
10．Jenny _________ have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：詹妮本應該信守諾言的。我想知道她為什么改變了主意。根據(jù)后一句“I wonder why she changed her mind.”可知，詹妮沒有信守諾言，should have done sth.過去“本應該做某事卻沒做”符合句意。故填should。
should
11．According to a newly released regulation on online video services，no one ________ generate，release or spread fake news or information by using such technologies.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：根據(jù)最新發(fā)行的關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡視頻服務的規(guī)章，任何人都不可以使用此類技術(shù)生成、發(fā)行或者傳播虛假消息。根據(jù)前面的regulation(規(guī)定)可知，本題填入shall更加合理。故填shall。
shall
12．Every coin has two sides.Beautiful songs，sometimes，______ just be noise to others.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：任何事物都有兩面性。優(yōu)美的歌曲有時候?qū)e人來說也許是噪音。分析句子可知，此處應該表示可能的推測。故填may。13．My computer didn't start this morning.There _______ have been something wrong with it.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：我的電腦今早怎么也啟動不了了。一定是出了什么問題。must have done表示對過去的肯定推測。故填must。
may
must
14．What a pity! The parents could have survived the earthquake, _____ they ___________ (not，come) back to save their child.解析：考查省略if的條件句。句意：真遺憾！如果不是回來救孩子，這對父母本可以在地震中幸存下來。分析句子可知，此處為if引導的虛擬條件句，與過去事實相反，從句應為：if they hadn't come...，if可以省略，這時從句要用倒裝語序，即把had置于句首，從句可寫成“had they not come...”。故填had；not come。
had
not come
15．He would _____________(like) to represent his country in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number of competitors，and Edwards didn't qualify.解析：考查虛擬語氣。句意：他本想代表他的國家參加1984年的冬季奧運會，但參賽者眾多，愛德華茲沒有獲得參賽資格。根據(jù)本句后面的“Edwards didn't qualify”可知，愛德華茲沒有成功獲得參賽資格，故用“would have done”虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反的假設，意思是“本來會做”。故填have liked。
have liked
層級二　高考真題練單句語法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ______________ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets(資產(chǎn))for future generations”．
is designed
解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：GPNP旨在體現(xiàn)“保護自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的真實性和完整性，保護生物多樣性，保護生態(tài)緩沖區(qū)，為子孫后代留下寶貴的自然資產(chǎn)”的指導原則。設空處在句中作謂語，和句子的主語The GPNP之間為被動關(guān)系；敘述客觀事實，應用一般現(xiàn)在時。故設空處應為一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，主語單數(shù)，謂語單數(shù)形式。故填is designed。
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ________ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：他迅速把工具扔到一邊，伸出胳膊跑了起來。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，設空處與空后的and started構(gòu)成并且結(jié)構(gòu)。故應該使用一般過去時。throw為動詞，意為“扔”，過去時為threw。故填threw。
threw
3．(2022·浙江卷1月)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane _____________________________(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.解析：考查動詞的被動語態(tài)。句意：對科學家而言，旅行去參加會議、講座、研討會之類的事情來相聚并交流信息這件事被視為是重要的。描述人們普遍認知的事情用一般現(xiàn)在時，此處也可以表示強調(diào)人們從過去到現(xiàn)在的認知，動名詞作主語與謂語之間存在被動關(guān)系。故填is viewed/has been viewed。
is viewed/has been viewed
4．(2022·浙江卷1月)But Cobb and others ______(be) now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and ___________(change) their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：但是現(xiàn)在Cobb和其他人正在質(zhì)疑那個想法，推動會議提供更多遠程參加的機會以及為了盡自己的能力來應對氣候變化危機，他們正在改變他們的個人行為。第一空：根據(jù)句意可知，此處也應使用現(xiàn)在進行時，主語為復數(shù)。故填are。第二空：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處and連接并列的動詞questioning和change。故填changing。
are
changing
5．(2022·浙江卷1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics —many of them climate scientists ________________(promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：例如，在一個叫“無飛行科學家”的網(wǎng)站上，自從兩年前成立以來，大約有200個學者，他們中很多人承諾盡可能少飛行。根據(jù)時間狀語“since＋過去時間”可知主句應使用現(xiàn)在完成時。故填have promised。
have promised
6．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can't help wondering how hard it ______(be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：你不禁要問，當時的人們要把這些石頭放好有多難。根據(jù)時間狀語then，可知描述過去的事情，所以用一般過去時態(tài)，主語為it。故填was。
was
7．(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to ______ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：我給寫信的最大的公司之一是巴黎阿拉斯加航空公司。 根據(jù)定語從句的謂語動詞“wrote” 可知這里描述發(fā)生在過去的事情，用一般過去時；one of ＋ 形容詞最高級 ＋ 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。故填was。
was
8．(2021·浙江卷)It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, __________________________ (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
has proved/have proven
解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：它不像喬治華盛頓在波托馬克河畔的種植園那樣給人留下深刻印象，但林肯在伊利諾伊州斯普林菲爾德市中心的家，自從向公眾開放以來，就被證明對游客來說是不可抗拒的。分析句子成分可知，設空處作謂語動詞，Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois作主語；結(jié)合句意及設空處后的時間狀語從句since it opened to the public可知，此處指過去發(fā)生的事情對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，符合現(xiàn)在完成時概念，故設空處用現(xiàn)在完成時；現(xiàn)在完成時結(jié)構(gòu)是has/have＋過去分詞；主語Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以助動詞用has，提示詞prove 的過去分詞形式是proved或proven。故填 has proved/has proven。
9．(2021·浙江卷) Mary's niece wrote, “The little home ____________(paint)white. It was sweet and fresh. Mary loved it.”解析：考查動詞的被動語態(tài)。句意：這個小房子被漆成了白色。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設空處作謂語動詞，The little home作主語。結(jié)合句意及常識可知，房子是“被漆”的，主語和謂語動詞之間是被動關(guān)系，所以要用被動語態(tài)；根據(jù)下文的was，loved可知，此處也為一般過去時態(tài)；一般過去時的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是was/were＋過去分詞；主語The little home是單數(shù)第三人稱，所以要用was，提示詞paint的過去分詞形式是painted。故填was painted。
was painted
10．(2021·浙江卷)After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and _______(sell)most of their furniture.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：1861年林肯當選美國總統(tǒng)后，他們租了房子，賣掉了大部分家具。分析句子成分可知，設空處和前面的動詞rented一起做并列謂語；根據(jù)時間狀語in 1861可知，此處用一般過去時態(tài)，提示詞sell的過去式形式是sold。故填sold。
sold
11．(2021·浙江卷1月)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain ______ (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：然而，在城市中，女性增加了1.3，男性增加了1.6。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子缺少謂語，主語(gain)是單數(shù)，時態(tài)是一般過去時。故填was。
was
12．(2020·新課標Ⅰ卷)The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探測器) —the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—__________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. 解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：無人月球探測器嫦娥四號——名字的靈感來源于古代的中國月亮女神——上周在南極艾特肯盆地著陸。此處是句子的謂語，根據(jù)時間狀語last week可知應使用一般過去時。故填touched。
touched
13．(2020·新課標Ⅰ卷)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it _______ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _____________ (construct)．”
means
is constructed
解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：“這真的使科學家們激動，”布朗大學的一位科學家Carle Pieters說：“因為它意味著我們有機會獲得月球是如何構(gòu)造的信息?！备鶕?jù)上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此處也使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語是it，所以空處謂語動詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式means。故填means。分析句子可知，此處是賓語從句謂語動詞，謂語construct與主語the moon之間是被動關(guān)系，應使用被動語態(tài)，再由上下文可知此處應使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語the moon是單數(shù)。故填is constructed。
14．(2020·新課標Ⅱ卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers __________ (carry) special significance.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：這就是為什么用植物、水果和鮮花裝飾具有特殊意義的原因。這是一個表語從句，從句主語為動名詞短語decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。故填carries。
carries
15．(2020·新課標Ⅲ卷)The artist was sure he would ____________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.解析：考查動詞的語態(tài)。句意：畫家確信他會被選中，但是當他把他的杰作送給皇帝的宰相時，這位老人笑了。本句中主語he與謂語動詞choose構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，且would后跟動詞原形。故填be chosen。
be chosen
16．(2020·新課標Ⅲ卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (傳奇的) artist, they smiled and __________ (point) down the river.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：當他問河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到這位傳奇藝術(shù)家時，他們笑著指著河的下游。根據(jù)上文they smiled and可知此處應用一般過去時。故填pointed。
pointed
17．(2020·山東卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：例如，漢斯·斯隆爵士的8萬件藏品構(gòu)成了1759年開館的大英博物館的核心藏品。此處是謂語動詞，根據(jù)時間狀語in 1759可知，應使用一般過去時。故填formed。
formed
18．(2020·山東卷)The parts of a museum open to the public_________ (call) galleries or rooms.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：博物館對公眾開放的部分被稱為畫廊或展廳。此處描述的是客觀事實，應使用一般現(xiàn)在時；主語the parts與call是邏輯動賓關(guān)系，應使用被動語態(tài)，且主語是復數(shù)概念。故填are called。
are called
19．(2020·山東卷)Often, only a small part of a museum's collection _____ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：通常，博物館只展出一小部分藏品。此處描述的是客觀事實，應使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語a small part of a museum's collection是單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞應使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
is
20．(2020·浙江卷)By about 6000 BC，people _________________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。句意：大約在公元前6000年，人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了最適宜種植的莊稼和最適宜飼養(yǎng)的牲畜。分析句子，簡單句中除了提示詞外無其余動詞，故此處需用謂語動詞。邏輯主語和提示詞之間表示主動邏輯?！癰y ＋ 過去時間”譯為“到……為止”，后面的句子用過去完成時。故填had discovered。
had discovered
21．(2019·江蘇)What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we _________________(have) a good time together.解析：考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞or可知應用虛擬語氣，這里表示與過去的事實相反，謂語動詞應用would/could/should/might＋have done。故填would have had。
would have had
22．(2018·天津)I can't find my purse.I _________________________(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)句中時間狀語yesterday可知，是對過去發(fā)生事情的推測，因此用“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”，再根據(jù)后句but I'm not sure可知，此推測為不太肯定的推測，所以用could/might have done。故填could/might have left。
could/might have left
23．(2018·北京)In today's information age，the loss of data ______ cause serious problems for a company.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。can在此表示客觀可能性，意為“可能會，有時候會”。故填can。24．(2018·北京)They might have found a better hotel if they _________(drive) a few more kilometers.解析：考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)主句的謂語形式以及語境(事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生)可知，if條件句應該用過去完成時，表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，因此從句謂語動詞用“had＋過去分詞”。故填had driven。
can
had driven
25．(2018·江蘇)It's strange that he _________ have taken the books without the owner's permission.解析：考查情態(tài)動詞。此處should作情態(tài)動詞，表示“竟然”，符合語境。 故填should。
should
層級三　語篇提能練語法填空Passage 1　時態(tài)與主謂一致篇The first zoo ________________________(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor _____________(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
1.was established
2.built
Some of the early European zoos ______________(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos ______________________(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and _____________________(keep) in good condition. These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists __________________(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos ____________________________________(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos ________________(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
3.consisted
4.were replaced
5.(were) kept
6.understood
7.have tried/have been trying　
8.to save
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and ________________________(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs ___________________(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.語篇導讀：本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹動物園是怎樣產(chǎn)生的，先是有權(quán)勢的人建造了屬于自己的動物園，后是建動物園是為了研究動物。
9.(are) watched
10.are playing
解析：1．考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)時間狀語around 3,500 years ago可知是過去時態(tài)。主語The first zoo和謂語動詞establish 是被動關(guān)系。故填 was established。2．考查動詞的時態(tài)。句中five hundred years later是過去的時間狀語，謂語需要用過去式。故填 built。3．考查動詞的時態(tài)。本句話的語境是過去，謂語動詞用過去式。故填consisted。
4．考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主語the zoos和謂語動詞replace 為被動關(guān)系，并且是過去時態(tài)。故填were replaced。5．考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。animals 與keep之間為被動關(guān)系且描述過去的情況，故用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，此處是并列謂語，前面已有be動詞were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。6．考查動詞的時態(tài)。as early as the 1940s是過去的時間狀語，謂語要用過去式。故填 understood。7．考查動詞的時態(tài)。時間狀語為since then，謂語常用現(xiàn)在完成時，此處也可用現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作一直持續(xù)進行。故填have tried/have been trying。
8．考查非謂語動詞。rely on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事。故填to save。9．考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主語animals和謂語動詞watch 是被動關(guān)系，且此處與and前面的are fed...為并列關(guān)系。故填(are) watched。10．考查動詞的時態(tài)。由時間狀語now可知，此處應該使用現(xiàn)在進行時。故填are playing。
Passage 2　情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣篇I ________________ have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ______________(dance) as well as her.No one ___________ be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it's high time that he _____________________(do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I _______________ say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents _______________________________(not，allow) their children
1.needn't
2.danced
3.can
4.did/should do
5.will
6.(should) not allow
under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students ____________ obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student _______________(not) wear school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students _____________ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here ________________ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.語篇導讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文中介紹了作者來到一所新學校的情況，以及學校的一些規(guī)定。
7.must　
8.didn't
9.shall
10.should
解析：1．考查情態(tài)動詞。因為這兒的同學對我都非常友好，在來新學校之前我本不需要擔心的。故填needn't。2．考查虛擬語氣。我希望我跳舞像她一樣好。wish 后面的賓語從句往往用虛擬語氣，而且與現(xiàn)在相反。故填danced。3．考查情態(tài)動詞。沒有人像她跳得一樣好。表示能力要用can。故填can。4．考查虛擬語氣。It is high time that＋sb.should do/did sth.到了某人該做某事的時候了。故填did/should do。
5．考查情態(tài)動詞。每當我靠近他們聽見他們說漢語的時候，我會對他們說“你好”。will可以表示現(xiàn)在的習慣。故填will。6．考查虛擬語氣。recommend后面的賓語從句用虛擬語氣“should＋動詞原形”，should可以省略。故填(should) not allow。7．考查情態(tài)動詞。學生必須要服從校規(guī)。must 表示強制。故填must。8．考查虛擬語氣。如果學生在校期間不穿校服，他會立即受到懲罰。因為主句謂語用would do，表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，所以條件從句中用過去式表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。故填didn't。
9．考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)規(guī)定，學生如果想拿獎學金，任一單科成績不得低于85分。shall用于第三人稱，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務或規(guī)定，意為“應，必須”。故填shall。10．考查情態(tài)動詞。我沒有想到這里的學生竟然像我一樣癡迷《哈利·波特》系列叢書。 should在此意為“竟然”，表示驚訝。故填should。