(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第2部分 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 專(zhuān)題一 第1講　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (含答案)

這是一份(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第2部分 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題 專(zhuān)題一 第1講　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (含答案)，共24頁(yè)。學(xué)案主要包含了詞形變化，核心考點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容，歡迎下載使用。

考點(diǎn)一 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exams.
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
注釋?zhuān)孩偈且话氵^(guò)去時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式形式。②是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞。③是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had＋過(guò)去分詞。④是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：wuld＋動(dòng)詞原形。⑤是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has＋過(guò)去分詞。⑥是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。⑦是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋現(xiàn)在分詞。⑧是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞。⑨是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋動(dòng)詞原形。⑩是將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞。
一、詞形變化
在時(shí)態(tài)的變化中，動(dòng)詞的形式需要發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。動(dòng)詞形式不正確已經(jīng)成為英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同時(shí)態(tài)中的詞形變化。
二、核心考點(diǎn)
高考中通常把時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)境結(jié)合起來(lái)考查。題干中往往沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，需要考生搜索出時(shí)間參照信息。英語(yǔ)有16種時(shí)態(tài)，中學(xué)階段常用的有10種。
1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)常常表示人的習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。
I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作業(yè)。
(2)在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他們也會(huì)支持你。
(3)表示客觀事實(shí)、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九點(diǎn)到學(xué)校。
(2)根據(jù)上下文或主從句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試，這讓我父母很生氣。
3．一般將來(lái)時(shí)
表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或臨時(shí)做出的決定，常用will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形或者is/am/are ging t d，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)tmrrw，next week等連用。
It is said that he will retire next mnth.
據(jù)說(shuō)他將于下個(gè)月卸任。
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue will tell(tell) yu the stry.
2．While running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it is(be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r swimming.
3．We hired(hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全國(guó)甲)
4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
He is playing basketball n the playgrund.
他正在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。
(2)某些表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示即將發(fā)生或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作。
Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.
約翰和姐姐明天早上要?jiǎng)由砣|京。
(3)與always，ften，cnstantly等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可貶。
The girl is always talking alud in public.
這個(gè)女孩總是在公共場(chǎng)合大聲說(shuō)話。
5．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去某一個(gè)階段內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.格林太太今天上午11點(diǎn)正準(zhǔn)備午餐。
(2)表示動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，常與when，while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。
The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那個(gè)男孩正在讀小說(shuō)時(shí)老師進(jìn)來(lái)了。
6．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
五點(diǎn)至六點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話，那時(shí)我們?cè)诔燥垺?br>點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)2
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．She was playing(play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the ffice.
2．Next Friday I will g t anther cncert.They will be playing(play) smething by Mzart at that time.
3．—Hi，let’s g skating.
—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I am filling(fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
7．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前某個(gè)沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)出的過(guò)去時(shí)間，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，且結(jié)果仍對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。
—I’m srry，but I dn’t quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?
—Srry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.
——對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)完全明白你的話。你是說(shuō)你們打算9月20號(hào)回來(lái)嗎？
——對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)有表達(dá)清楚。我們打算10月20號(hào)回來(lái)。
(2)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.
他的第一部小說(shuō)自上個(gè)月出版以來(lái)獲得了許多好評(píng)。
(3)考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，往往有較為明顯的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋時(shí)間段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。
I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.
在過(guò)去的3小時(shí)里我已經(jīng)學(xué)了200多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞了。
(4)下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It has been＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句
This/That/It is the that＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting...＋名詞＋that＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
這是我第一次做演講。
It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.這是我所讀過(guò)的最有趣的小說(shuō)。
8．過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句。
I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.
在我爸爸回來(lái)之前我已經(jīng)把我的手機(jī)收起來(lái)了。
(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首時(shí)，主句要用部分倒裝。
N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.
他們剛從房子里沖出來(lái)房子就燒塌了。
(3)動(dòng)詞hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。
I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)3
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Befre getting int the car，I thught I had learned(learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he had said(say) t me altgether.
2．Being raised in a family f teachers，I have gt(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.
3．I had expected(expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
9．過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
(1)表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句和間接引語(yǔ)中。
She said she wuld retire the next year.
她說(shuō)她明年就退休了。
I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道兒子緊接著會(huì)說(shuō)什么。
(2)三種表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were ging t＋動(dòng)詞原形；was/were t＋動(dòng)詞原形；was/were abut t＋動(dòng)詞原形。
He tld me he was t get married the next week.他告訴我他下周結(jié)婚。
She was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.
她還想說(shuō)幾句，接著又克制住了自己。
10．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)常用來(lái)表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作。
All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.
這些年來(lái)，他們一直向我們雜志投稿。
(2)表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間里一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我們常常見(jiàn)面。
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)4
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went t the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since.
2．Albert Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he wuld be(be) a famus scientist whse theries wuld change(change) the wrld.
考點(diǎn)二 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
Xia Ming’s Cellphne
Xia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ by the basketball club.
Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
注釋?zhuān)孩偈且话氵^(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋過(guò)去分詞。②是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋being＋過(guò)去分詞。③是過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had been＋過(guò)去分詞。④是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋過(guò)去分詞。⑤是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋being＋過(guò)去分詞。⑥是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋過(guò)去分詞。⑦是帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞。⑧是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be＋過(guò)去分詞。⑨是將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋have been＋過(guò)去分詞。⑩是將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be being＋過(guò)去分詞。
1．不及物動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如happen，ccur，take place，break ut，spread等。
An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.
昨晚這條路上發(fā)生了一起意外事故，五個(gè)人遇難。
A big fire brke ut in the area last week.
上周那個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)大火。
2．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加nt，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介/副詞。如：
Trees shuld nt be planted in summer.
夏天不應(yīng)該種樹(shù)。
The man was made fun f by his partner.
這個(gè)人被他的伙伴取笑了。
3．漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示，構(gòu)成“It be＋dne...”形式。如：
It is/was said/reprted that...據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)報(bào)道……
It is/was well knwn that...眾所周知……
It must be pinted ut that...必須指出……
It must be admitted that...人們必須承認(rèn)……
It is/was generally cnsidered/suppsed/hped/believed that...人們普遍認(rèn)為/希望/相信……
It is generally cnsidered that the key t learning a freign language well is nthing but practice.
人們普遍認(rèn)為學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵就是練習(xí)。
It is reprted that the temperature will decline sharply in ne r tw days.
據(jù)報(bào)告，近兩日氣溫將明顯下降。
4．下面的主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義。如：
(1)feel/taste/smell/lk/sund＋adj.
Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.
垃圾食品吃起來(lái)美味但營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足。
Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法聽(tīng)起來(lái)很棒但不切實(shí)際。
(2)want/need/require/be wrth ding
The windw wants/needs/requires repairing.
這扇窗戶需要修理。
The mvie is wrth seeing.這部電影值得一看。
(3)wash/sell/write/read/clean＋adv.(well，easily，smthly)
Her new bk was very interesting and sld well.她的新書(shū)很有趣并且賣(mài)得很好。
Nyln cleans easily.尼龍容易清洗。
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Mary’s niece wrte，“The little hme was painted(paint) white.”(2021·浙江6月)
2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by hand.
3．Nwadays，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f exercise.
4．If yu leave the club，yu wn’t be allwed(nt，allw) back in.
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Yu can’t help wndering hw hard it was(be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place.(2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)
2．It desn’t impress like Gerge Washingtn’s plantatin n the Ptmac，but Lincln’s hme in dwntwn Springfield，Illinis，has prven/prved(prve) irresistible t visitrs since it pened t the public.(2021·浙江6月)
3．Currently，abut 35,000 wrks are being displayed(display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津3月)
4．I was walking(walk) acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.(2015·湖南)
1.掌握獨(dú)特的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志
(1)題干中如有always，ften，seldm，smetimes，usually等，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
(2)題干中如有yesterday，last night，a few days ag，the ther day，then等，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(3)題干中如有tmrrw，next year，in a week等，用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
(4)題干中如有nw，at present，currently等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(5)題干中如有at that time，at six ’clck yesterday等，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(6)題干中如有at this time tmrrw，frm 1 ’clck t 3 ’clck tmrrw等，用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(7)題干中如有since，s far，up t nw，in/ver/during the last year/past few years等，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2．熟記固定句型中的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)be ，when前面的句子常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when后面的句子常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(2)It is/has been＋時(shí)間段＋since...表示“自從……以來(lái)已……”，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
3．分清主動(dòng)被動(dòng)，辨析語(yǔ)態(tài)
看到主語(yǔ)為物，且動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，要想到用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
考點(diǎn)三 主謂一致
1．語(yǔ)法一致原則
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注釋?zhuān)涸撛瓌t要求謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須與主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上保持一致，即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
①根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)，來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。②主語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。③主語(yǔ)是從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。④主語(yǔ)后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞跟這些短語(yǔ)前面的主語(yǔ)一致。⑤主語(yǔ)為smene，anyne，everyne等不定代詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往用單數(shù)。⑥定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。主語(yǔ)前有each，every，n修飾時(shí)，即使有and連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。
2．意義一致原則
I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
注釋?zhuān)孩俦硎緯r(shí)間、數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度及價(jià)格的名詞，盡管有時(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常被看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。②“a number f＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。③the majrity f，the rest f，分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)＋f＋名詞，要根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)或者是否可數(shù)來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一類(lèi)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集體名詞，當(dāng)表示集體意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)表示集體中各個(gè)組成部分，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
3．就近一致原則
There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.
注釋?zhuān)孩僭趖here be，here be結(jié)構(gòu)中，若有幾個(gè)并列成分作主語(yǔ)，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與離它最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與離它最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
1．用and連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人，同一事物，同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，否則用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The pet and writer has cme.
那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了。(一個(gè)人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tls.
錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。(兩個(gè)物體)
注意：用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體，如：bread and butter(黃油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
2．若主語(yǔ)中有mre than ne 或many a/an，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但mre＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋than ne作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Mre than ne student was late.
不止一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到。
Mre persns than ne cme t help us.
不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。
3．“形復(fù)意單”名詞如：news；以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；國(guó)名如：the United States；報(bào)紙名如：the New Times；書(shū)名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜譚》)；以及the United Natins(聯(lián)合國(guó))等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．The teacher and pet ften gives(give) lectures arund the city.
2．I think Tm，rather than yu is(be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are inncent.
3．Nbdy but Jim and Mike is(be) n the playgrund nw.
4．As far as I knw，his family is nt very large but the family are all music lvers.(be)
5．The pr were(be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6．Neither his parents nr I am(be) able t persuade him t change his mind.
7．Listening t lud music and rck cncerts has caused(cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s far.
8．Barbara is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh wears(wear) evening dress.
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It was built(build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修復(fù))．(2021·全國(guó)甲)
2．Ging t Munt Huangshan reminds(remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”．(2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)
3．It is calculated by dividing a persn’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered(cnsider) healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
4．Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin is(be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)
1.找準(zhǔn)句子中的主語(yǔ)，看主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
2.牢記特殊用法的結(jié)構(gòu)，用對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)。
3.注意結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。
考點(diǎn)四 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1．can/culd
Mary—M Nancy—N
M：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?
N：Srry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?
N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?
M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?
N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.
M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?
N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.
M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注釋?zhuān)篶an/culd的意義及用法
①can表能力，意為“能夠”。②can表請(qǐng)求，culd 表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。③can表許可。④can/can’t表推測(cè)，意為“可能/不可能”，常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句。⑤culd sb.have dne...？意為“某人做過(guò)某事嗎？”，culdn’t have dne意為“不可能做過(guò)某事”，表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)，用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客觀條件不允許。⑦can表示客觀上存在這種可能性但不一定發(fā)生。
2．may/might
Mike—M Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I cme in?
T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?
M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注釋?zhuān)簃ay/might的意義及用法
①表示請(qǐng)求。②表示許可，不用might。③表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的猜測(cè)，might表示語(yǔ)氣更不肯定。④may as well“還是……好”。⑤might have dne表示對(duì)過(guò)去的猜測(cè)，意為“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意為“可能沒(méi)做某事”，常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句。
3．must
Jane—J Mther—M
J：Mm，must① I take this medicine?
M：Yes，yu must①.
J：Must① I take it right nw?
M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
注釋?zhuān)簃ust的意義及用法
①must表必須，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)，只用于肯定句中，意為“一定做過(guò)某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推測(cè)。
4．shuld
Bss—B Jane—J Steven—S
B：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.
B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?
S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.
B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee，tea either.
S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注釋?zhuān)簊huld的意義及用法
①表示推測(cè)，意為“按理說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)”。②shuld have dne 意為“本應(yīng)做而沒(méi)做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不應(yīng)做卻做了”，含有虛擬的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth.＝ught (nt) t d sth.(不)應(yīng)該做某事。
5．shall
Man—M Wman—W
M：Hi，where are yu ging?
W：I shall① g t New Yrk.
M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)
W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.
M：It desn’t matter.
W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注釋?zhuān)簊hall的意義及用法
①用于第一人稱(chēng)，表示將要做某事。②用于第一、三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句，表示請(qǐng)求。③用于第三人稱(chēng)肯定句，表示按照正式的規(guī)定要做的事。④用于第二、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。
6．need/dare
Mike—M Jack—J
M：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?
J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.
M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.
J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注釋?zhuān)簄eed/dare的意義及用法
?dare和need用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。疑問(wèn)句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。
?dare和need用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句，需要加助動(dòng)詞d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。
?其用法簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)為：有助有t，無(wú)助無(wú)t。
7．will/wuld
Tm—T Mary—M
M：Hw abut the new watch?
T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.
M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注釋?zhuān)簑ill/wuld 的意義及用法
①表示意愿。②表示事物的屬性。③表示人現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，意為“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1．用于固定習(xí)語(yǔ)中：can’t/can (無(wú)論……也不過(guò)分；越……越好)
Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.
＝Y(jié)u can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.
你橫穿繁忙的街道的時(shí)候，再怎么小心都不為過(guò)/越小心越好。
2．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have dne
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空(必要時(shí)加nt)
1．—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?
—Dn’t wrry.He might nt cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2．I can’t thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm hme.
3．He can’t be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.
4．Yu culd have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.
5．I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She culdn’t have spken at the meeting.
6．Everyne present will nt believe such a gentleman shuld d that.
7．Yu mustn’t play with the knife，r yu may hurt yurself.
8．Yu shall be punished fr what yu have dne.
9．It must have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.
10．I needn’t have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
考點(diǎn)五 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1．wish/wuld rather/as if/if nly
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)
Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.
W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.
Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.
W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
注釋?zhuān)篴s if好像，wish希望，wuld rather寧可，if nly要是……就好了，這四個(gè)詞語(yǔ)后的從句往往用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
①對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were)。②對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，從句謂語(yǔ)用had＋過(guò)去分詞。③對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬，從句謂語(yǔ)用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋動(dòng)詞原形。
2．條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hspital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①
W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②
Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤
Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注釋?zhuān)?br>?①②⑦為if條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有以下三種情況：
對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬：If＋主語(yǔ)＋did/were...，主語(yǔ)＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...
對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬：If＋主語(yǔ)＋had dne...，主語(yǔ)＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne...
對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬：If＋主語(yǔ)＋did/shuld/were t d...，主語(yǔ)＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...
?⑥為if虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝，結(jié)構(gòu)為：
Had＋主語(yǔ)＋dne，主語(yǔ)＋wuld/culd/might have dne...
Were＋主語(yǔ)＋t d/Shuld＋主語(yǔ)＋d，主語(yǔ)＋wuld d...
?③④⑤為含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣，結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
主語(yǔ)＋wuld have dne...，but 過(guò)去的事實(shí)
主語(yǔ)＋wuld d...，but 現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)
Withut/But fr＋n.，主語(yǔ)＋wuld d(與現(xiàn)在相反)
Withut/But fr＋n.，主語(yǔ)＋wuld have dne (與過(guò)去相反)
現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)，therwise＋主語(yǔ)＋wuld d
過(guò)去的事實(shí)，therwise＋主語(yǔ)＋wuld have dne
3．名詞性從句和定語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①M(fèi)ike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注釋?zhuān)?br>?某些特定的動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用含有shuld的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如①，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞包括“一堅(jiān)持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建議”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。
?上述動(dòng)詞用于It is/was＋過(guò)去分詞＋that從句時(shí)，從句使用帶shuld的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如②。
?上述動(dòng)詞的名詞形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句也用含有shuld的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如③。
?It is (high/abut) time that sb.did/shuld d sth.也是常見(jiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb.(shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb.(shuld) d...
English teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.
注釋?zhuān)涸贗t is/was＋形容詞(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句和It is/was＋名詞(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中，主語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)用“(shuld＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。
1．當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”之意時(shí)，suggest/insist后的賓語(yǔ)從句不使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
(1)The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.
他臉上的笑容表明他對(duì)我們的工作很滿意。
(2)The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he shuld nt be sent t hspital.
這位老人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有病，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他不應(yīng)該被送到醫(yī)院。
2．錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句
當(dāng)從句、主句所表示的行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所在的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.
如果你昨天聽(tīng)老師的，你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)受這么多苦。
點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I had been(be) there befre!
2．Our nly request is that this (shuld) be settled(settle) as sn as pssible.
3．I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he wuld have arrived(arrive) n time.
4．If it shuld rain/were t rain/rained(rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a picnic.
5．If yu had taken(take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the exam.
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．It used t be that yu culd drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)
2．Yu shuldn’t(nt) have sclded him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.(2020·天津3月)
3．If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I wuldn’t be(nt，be) where I am.(2020·江蘇)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣解題“兩注意”
注意一：若句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為原形，在其前設(shè)純空格題時(shí)，注意考慮情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞。
注意二：一旦判斷所給動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，就要考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、主謂一致等，特別是注意虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的時(shí)態(tài)。判斷虛擬語(yǔ)氣，除了常見(jiàn)的if虛擬條件句，還應(yīng)注意其他常搭配虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型。
層級(jí)一 基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．It is the first time that my sn has met(meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her face t face.
2．The girl shk(shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the grund.
3．The father，as well as his kids，is discussing(discuss) where t spend the weekend nw.
4．When fat and salt are remved(remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.
5．By the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn had graduated(graduate) frm cllege.
6．Either the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm has attracted(attract) thusands f visitrs during the past years.
7．The factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which were(be) saved fr ther purpses.
8．They made up their minds that they wuld buy(buy) a new huse nce Larry changed jbs.
9．Jenny shuld have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her mind.
10．What a pity! The parents culd have survived the earthquake，had they nt cme(nt，cme) back t save their child.
11．Jack was wrking(wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.
12．On the stage are(be) a number f famus singers，whse sngs are welcmed by the majrity f yung peple.
13．Every cin has tw sides.Beautiful sngs，smetimes，may just be nise t thers.
14．My cmputer didn’t start this mrning.There must have been smething wrng with it.
15．He wuld have liked(like) t represent his cuntry in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number f cmpetitrs，and Edwards wasn’t qualified.
層級(jí)二 高考真題練
單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．After Lincln was elected President f the US in 1861，they rented the huse and sld(sell) mst f their furniture.(2021·浙江6月)
2．In cities，hwever，the gain was(be) 1.3 in wmen and 1.6 in men.The researchers described “striking changes” in the gegraphy f BMI.(2021·浙江1月)
3．By abut 6,000 BC，peple had discvered(discver) the best crps t grw and animals t raise.(2020·浙江7月)
4．Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it means(mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn is cnstructed(cnstruct)．”(2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ)
5．The parts f a museum pen t the public are called(call) galleries r rms.Often，nly a small part f museum’s cllectin is n display.(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)
6．Jim says we can stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.(2020·天津7月)
7．When every pupil in the schl wears the unifrm，nbdy has/will have(have) t wrry abut fashin(時(shí)尚)．(2019·浙江6月)
8．Amy，as well as her brthers，was given(give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
9．In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted(reprt) increases in bear sightings arund human settlements，leading t a belief that ppulatins are increasing.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)
10．The musician alng with his band members has given(give) ten perfrmances in the last three mnths.(2019·江蘇)
11．What a pity！Yu missed the sightseeing，r we wuld have had(have) a gd time tgether.(2019·江蘇)
12．I can’t find my purse.I culd/might have left(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m nt sure.(2018·天津6月)
13．It’s strange that he shuld have taken the bks withut the wner’s permissin.(2018·江蘇)
14．Steam engines were used(use) t pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant fr the passengers，with all the smke and nise.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ)
15．If the new safety system had been put(put) t use，the accident wuld never have happened.(2017·北京)
層級(jí)三 語(yǔ)篇提能練
語(yǔ)法填空
Passage 1 時(shí)態(tài)與主謂一致篇
The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.Since then，zs 7. (try) t save many endangered species，but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
1．答案 was established
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，主語(yǔ)“The first z”和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞establish之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且主語(yǔ)是the first z，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，故填 was established。
2．答案 built
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句中“Five hundred years later”是過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)需要用過(guò)去式，故填 built。
3．答案 cnsisted
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處描述過(guò)去的情況，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，故填 cnsisted。
4．答案 were replaced
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。主語(yǔ)“the zs”和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞replace之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，并且是描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，且主語(yǔ)是the zs，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，故填were replaced。
5．答案 (were) kept
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。animals與keep之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且描述過(guò)去的情況，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，此處是并列謂語(yǔ)，前面已有be動(dòng)詞were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
6．答案 understd
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)?！癆s early as the 1940s”是過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去式，故填 understd。
7．答案 have tried/have been trying
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“Since then”，謂語(yǔ)常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，此處也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行，且主語(yǔ)是zs，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，故填have tried/have been trying。
8．答案 t save
解析 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。rely n sb.t d sth.依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
9．答案 (are) watched
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。 主語(yǔ)animals和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞watch之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且此處與and前面的are fed...為并列關(guān)系，故填(are) watched。
10．答案 are playing
解析 考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)nw可知，此處應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，且主語(yǔ)prgrams是復(fù)數(shù)，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞篇
I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.N ne
3. be cmpared with Ellen in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.Teachers recmmend that parents 6. (nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.Students 7. bey schl rules.Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8. (nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
1．答案 needn’t
解析 因?yàn)檫@兒的同學(xué)對(duì)我都非常友好，在來(lái)新學(xué)校之前我本不需要擔(dān)心的。所以用needn’t。
2．答案 danced
解析 我希望我跳舞像她一樣好。wish 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句往往用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而且與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，所以用danced。
3．答案 can
解析 沒(méi)有人能跳得和她一樣好，表示“能力”用can。
4．答案 did/shuld d
解析 It is high time sb.shuld d/did sth.到了某人該做某事的時(shí)候了。
5．答案 will
解析 每當(dāng)我靠近他們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，我會(huì)對(duì)他們說(shuō)“你好”。will可以表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣。
6．答案 (shuld) nt allw
解析 recmmend后面的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“shuld＋動(dòng)詞原形”，shuld可以省略。
7．答案 must
解析 學(xué)生必須要服從校規(guī)。must 表示強(qiáng)制。
8．答案 didn’t wear
解析 如果學(xué)生在校期間不穿校服，他會(huì)立即受到懲罰。因?yàn)橹骶渲^語(yǔ)用wuld d，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，所以條件狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。
9．答案 shall
解析 根據(jù)規(guī)定，學(xué)生如果想拿獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，任一單科成績(jī)不得低于85分。shall用于第三人稱(chēng)，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定，意為“應(yīng)，必須”。
10．答案 shuld
解析 我沒(méi)有想到這里的學(xué)生竟然像我一樣癡迷《哈利·波特》系列叢書(shū)。 shuld在此意為“竟然”，表示驚訝。
1．時(shí)態(tài)的交叉使用
典例 (2019·全國(guó)Ⅲ)我給你寫(xiě)信的目的是邀請(qǐng)你參加下周六在我們學(xué)校舉辦的音樂(lè)節(jié)。
I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival，which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.
運(yùn)用 (2021·浙江6月)藝術(shù)盛宴本周在報(bào)告廳舉行。更具體地說(shuō)，它從周一開(kāi)始，將持續(xù)至少五天。
The art feast falls in the lecture hall this week.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.
2．利用“主將從現(xiàn)”的規(guī)律
典例 (2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)如果我被接受的話，我會(huì)把中國(guó)畫(huà)的技巧介紹給參觀者，這將幫助他們更多地了解中國(guó)文化。
If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.
運(yùn)用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我會(huì)在學(xué)校門(mén)口等你，我相信我們會(huì)在一起玩得很開(kāi)心。
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用
典例 (2020·天津7月)成人禮定于6月8號(hào)舉行。
The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.
運(yùn)用 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我們學(xué)校美術(shù)館，舉辦了一場(chǎng)精彩的學(xué)生中國(guó)畫(huà)展覽。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.
4．虛擬語(yǔ)氣巧利用
(1)if條件句的虛擬
典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我沒(méi)有追那只兔子，我們就不會(huì)迷路了。
If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.
運(yùn)用 (2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)如果我沒(méi)讀英文報(bào)Yuth，我在英語(yǔ)方面就不會(huì)有這么大的進(jìn)步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have dne”表虛擬
典例 (2017·浙江11月)我們本來(lái)可以愉快地露營(yíng)，可是媽媽忘了帶帳篷。
We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.
運(yùn)用 (2021·浙江6月)我本不應(yīng)該這樣自私，因?yàn)槲覒?yīng)該承擔(dān)我的責(zé)任。
I shuldn’t have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用
典例 (2021·上海)我建議你先上聽(tīng)說(shuō)課，理由如下。
I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.
運(yùn)用 (2018·全國(guó)Ⅱ)按要求，想要參加的同學(xué)需準(zhǔn)時(shí)到報(bào)告廳看電影并參與討論。
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虛擬條件句
典例 (2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ)若沒(méi)有她的幫助和專(zhuān)業(yè)的指導(dǎo)，我不可能在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方面取得如此大的進(jìn)步。
But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.
運(yùn)用 (2020·全國(guó)Ⅱ)多虧了這次采摘活動(dòng)，否則我們不知道勞動(dòng)的果實(shí)有多么甜美。
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn what sweet fruits labur wuld result in.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
典例 (2018·浙江6月)我們正在找回去的路時(shí)聽(tīng)到了叔叔的大聲呼喊。
We were trying t lk fr the way back when we heard my uncle shuting ludly.
運(yùn)用 (2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)Bernard正在街上憂心忡忡地走，這時(shí)Jhn來(lái)幫他了。
Bernard was wandering wrriedly in the street when Jhn came t his assistance.形式
變化規(guī)則
構(gòu)成方法
例詞
原形
see，finish，teach，tuch
三單
一般情況
直接加-s
lk—lks，write—writes
以-ch，-sh，-s，-x結(jié)尾
加-es
teach—teaches，finish—finishes
guess—guesses，mix—mixes
以“輔音＋”結(jié)尾
加-es
d—des，g—ges
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾
變y為i 加-es
try—tries，cry—cries
過(guò)去式
一般情況
直接加-ed
destry—destryed，lk—lked
以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾
直接加-d
decide—decided，hpe—hped
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母
雙寫(xiě)輔音字母加-ed
stp—stpped，admit—admitted
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾
變y為i加-ed
carry—carried，try—tried
現(xiàn)在分詞
一般情況
直接加-ing
g—ging，read—reading
以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾
去e加-ing
have—having，write—writing
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母
雙寫(xiě)輔音字母加-ing
cut—cutting，run—running
對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推測(cè)
(1)must have dne sth.“(過(guò)去)一定做了某事”；語(yǔ)氣比較肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have dne sth.“(過(guò)去)可能/也許做了某事”；語(yǔ)氣不確定；用于肯定句和否定句中
(3)can(culd) nt have dne sth.“(過(guò)去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑或不確定
表示“與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反”
(1)culd have dne sth.(過(guò)去)本可以做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做
(2)needn’t have dne sth.(過(guò)去)本不必做某事但實(shí)際上做了
(3)ught t/shuld have dne sth.(過(guò)去)本應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做
(4)ughtn’t t/shuldn’t have dne sth.(過(guò)去)本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了
(5)might have dne sth.(過(guò)去)可能做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做