專題41.定語從句考點運(yùn)用 ---2023屆高三英語總復(fù)習(xí) （通用）

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定語從句考點運(yùn)用  基本概念：
    定語從句:在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、充當(dāng)定語的句子叫定語從句。因其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。    先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。    關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞，也叫引導(dǎo)詞。分為關(guān)系代詞（who，whom，that，which，whose ,as）和關(guān)系副詞(where，when，why)。關(guān)系詞要在定語從句中作某個成分，如主語、賓語、狀語等。    限制性定語從句：對先行詞起修飾限定作用的定語從句。    非限制性定語從句：對先行詞或主句起補(bǔ)充說明作用的定語從句，通常引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開 。  備考方向語法填空常考點短文改錯?？键c寫作常用句式1.關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法；2.關(guān)系副詞where, when, why的用法；3.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句該用which而誤用其他關(guān)系詞(如that)；2.關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that的缺失；3.關(guān)系代詞who, whom的錯用；4.先行詞是人或物時，關(guān)系代詞who, which的錯用；5.關(guān)系代詞as的錯用；6.關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的誤用；7.人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的誤用。1.As we all know .../As is known to all ... “眾所周知……”2.As sb. puts it ...“按照某人所說的……”3.such ...as ...“像……這樣的……”4.the same ...as .../the same as ...“像……一樣的”5.one of the＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋定語從句“……中的一個”6.the only one of the＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋定語從句“……中唯一的一個” 7.由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。..., which ...(which代替上文整句話，譯為“這一點”) 重點難點(一)who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法1．先行詞是人，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語時，用who/that，關(guān)系詞不可省略；關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作賓語時，用whom/who/that，關(guān)系詞可以省略。2．先行詞those后常用who引導(dǎo)定語從句。3．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，如果先行詞指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。4．whose引導(dǎo)定語從句時，作定語，且不能省略。I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我與好幾位去年在英語演講比賽中遇到的同校同學(xué)成了好朋友。I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我要寄賀卡給我的很多朋友。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.這家主要顧客是學(xué)生的校內(nèi)商店，放假時關(guān)閉。點津：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.湯姆是這些工程師中唯一一個想出解決方法的人。(二)that, which引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法1．that引導(dǎo)定語從句既可指人又可指物，指人時通常可與who, whom互換，指物時通?？膳cwhich互換。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可省略。2．定語從句中用that不用which的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代詞或被它們修飾時。(2)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。(3)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時。(4)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。(5)當(dāng)定語從句出現(xiàn)在which或who的特殊疑問句中時。(6)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞宜用which，另一個宜用that。(7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語時。(8)主句以here, there開頭且先行詞是指物的名詞時。隨堂練習(xí)1.Finally, the thief handed everything            he had stolen.2.There seems to be nothing            is impossible to him in the world.3.There is little            I can do for you.4.This is the best book            I have ever read.5.The first place            they visited in London was the Big Ben.6.We talked about the things and persons            we saw then.7.Look at the man and his dog            are walking up the street.8.He is the only person            I want to see now.9.Who is the man            is standing there?10.Which is the T-shirt            fits me most? 3．which引導(dǎo)定語從句(1)先行詞為物。(2)which在從句中作主語時不可省略，作賓語時可省略。4．定語從句中用which而不用that的情況：(1)在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用that。(2)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時，用which而不用that。(3)先行詞為that/those時，用which而不用that。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他們在桂林參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?坐在巖石上抽煙的那個人是誰？The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.這個男孩離家一個星期了，這使他父母很擔(dān)心。隨堂練習(xí)1.I still remember the day           I first got to Paris.2.She heard a terrible noise，           brought her heart into her mouth.3.That is the book            I borrowed from the library. 4.Is there anything            is not expensive which we can buy for her as a gift?(三)as引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。1．as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時常用于下列句式：(1)其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。(2)...such as ...凡是……的人(或事物)，所有……人(或事物)其意義相當(dāng)于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，定語從句修飾先行詞such。Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。You may choose such as you prefer.你可挑選自己想要的東西。2．關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時的區(qū)別：as意為“正如，正像”，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時還可插入主句中；而which意為“這件事，這一點”，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可替代整個主句的內(nèi)容。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我們車間使用的這樣的機(jī)器是中國制造的。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.湯姆取得了很大進(jìn)步，這使他父母很高興。“There is no such thing as a free lunch，” as the old saying goes.正如老話所說的那樣：“天下沒有免費的午餐。”1.He married her,              was natural.  2.He is honest,               we can see.  3.             is known to all, China is a developing country.   4.He is from the south,              we can know from his accent.  5.John,              you know, is a famous writer.  6.The air quality in the city,              is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months7.He has been to Paris ten times,              I don’t believe. 8.I’ve never heard such stories              he tells.  9.He is not such a fool              he looks.  10.This is the same dictionary              I lost last week.  11.She wore the same dress              her younger sister wore.  (四)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法1．when引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系副詞when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。2．where引導(dǎo)定語從句(1)在定語從句中作地點狀語。(2)先行詞可以是表示具體地點的名詞(如place, home, school, village, city等)。(3)先行詞也可以是表示抽象意義的名詞(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。如果定語從句用來修飾point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意義的詞，并且作狀語，要用where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況中”，這種現(xiàn)象叫做地點模糊化。常見的表地點的模糊化名詞還有：occasion, circumstance, state,degree, extent, stage, level, period,aspect等。例如：①I have come to the point where I can’t stand him.②The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.③We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.④I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.⑤It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.注意：如果不作狀語，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。例如：Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.     3．why引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系副詞why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于for which。I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.我正期盼那一天的到來，那時我女兒可以讀這本書，并且了解我對她的感情。Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.《中國新歌聲》為有音樂天賦的年輕人建立了一個大舞臺，在這個舞臺上一些人從中脫穎而出。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他沒參加會議的原因嗎？隨堂練習(xí)1.I still remember the day            I first came to this school.    2.The time            we got together finally arrived.   3.October 1, 1949 was the day            the People’s Republic of China was founded. 4.Shanghai is the city            I was born. 5.The house            I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.6.Is this the place            they fought the enemy? 7.Please tell me the reason            you missed the plane. 8.The reason            he was punished is unknown to us. 9.I don’t know the reason            he looks unhappy today. (五)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法1．介詞和關(guān)系代詞的確定若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時常用whom，指物時常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。一般來說，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：(1)先行詞的意義；(2)從句中的動詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業(yè)。(be devoted to “獻(xiàn)身，致力于”，固定搭配)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心靈的呵護(hù)是一個漸進(jìn)的過程，在這一過程中，即使是生活中微小的細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)該考慮在內(nèi)。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我買了一個古代的花瓶，它的價錢很合理。2．“of＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后表示整體與部分的關(guān)系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有許多朋友，但當(dāng)他遇到麻煩時沒有人會給他提供幫助。隨堂練習(xí)①I still remember the day               I first came to this school.②Great changes have taken place               we live.③The reason               he refused the invitation is quite clear.隨堂練習(xí)Ⅰ.單句填空1.In 1984,Dr. Mary Groda-Lewis, 　　　 was thirty-five years old then, graduated with honors and realized her dream. 2.He said, “...I added a small moustache, 　　　 would add age without hiding my expression.” 1.Who2.which3.3.The act, 　　　 forbids trading, was passed in 1448 and is still in force. 4.Our office wasn’t far from Chinatown, 　　　 I found some very good Chinese restaurants. 5.As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those 　　　 live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces. 6.Now millions of fans are eagerly awaiting its eighth and final season, 　　　 starts on April 14.  7.After living in Australia for many years,Louise finally returned to the country　　　she was born. 8.There are perhaps 40 million competitive table tennis players and many ordinary people　　　play less seriously. 9.He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man　　　work and legacy will live on for many years. 10.That is an Oxford college,　　　famous graduates include the late Benazir Bhutto. 11.But it’s not like many other countries　　　there seems to be tension among the different cultures. 12.Then, a fire, 　　　 broke out in 1969 on Cleveland’s Cuyahoga River, shed light on the problem of chemical pollution in water. 13.Pupils, 　　　 usually come from the fifth or sixth grade, are divided into different teams and try to write down every word according to its pronunciation.  14.I am already looking forward to their next visit　　　 I can show them more of what Seville offers. Ⅱ.單句填空1.We have entered into an age　　　dreams have the best chance of coming true. 2.Their child is at the stage 　　　 she can say individual words but not full sentences. 3.She and her family bicycle to work,　　　helps them keep fit. 4.Kate,　　　sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. 5.Self-driving is an area　　　China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 6.My eldest son, 　　　 work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 7.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of 　　　 purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 8.I live next door to a couple 　　　children often make a lot of noise. 9.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, 　　　the weather may be better. 10.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of 　　　has been proved. 11.Opposite is St.Paul’s Church,　　　you can hear some lovely music. 12.The number of smokers,　　　is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 13.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere 　　　his employees enjoy their work. 14.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon　　　 school education depends. 15.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,　　　shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 16.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time　　　 he should be able to be independent. 17.The books on the desk,　　　covers are shiny,are prizes for us. 三There was a time　1　I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason　2　my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,　3　I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately,my guide,　4　teacher was Yu Minhong,communicated with me face to face,from　5　I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me,and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities　6　we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,　7　encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English,into　8　I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep,I recall the passages,through　9　I can memorize a large number of new words.　10　our English teacher says,“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance,you will master English sooner or later.” 1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　 四My classmate Michael studied very hard　1　he went to senior high school.Every day he worked　2　everyone else in my class left the classroom.He said he wouldn’t stop trying　3　he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard　4　he tried,he made little progress. But he didn’t lose heart at all　5　he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day.　6　time went by,he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last.We had a get-together　7　we started our new life in university. Everyone had got offers from universities,　8　we had a very good time.When we stood　9　we used to play and study,we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days.We believed we would never forget each other,　10　we would go or whatever we would do.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.