非謂語動詞--高考英語語法專題

這是一份非謂語動詞--高考英語語法專題，共60頁。PPT課件主要包含了過去分詞 v-ed，不定式 to + v，動詞的v-ing，形式與意義非謂語動詞，將來主動，進行主動，被動完成，非謂語動詞形式變化等內容，歡迎下載使用。
什么是非謂 語動詞??？
“非謂語非謂語”,就是不是謂語的動詞唄!
如果出現(xiàn)更多動詞： I am a student, I like English. 加連詞（and / but / s…）變并列句 I am a student, and I like English. 改成主從復合句I am a student wh likes English. 變?yōu)榉侵^語動詞 Being a student, I like English.
主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語
基礎常識:英語一句話只能有一個主謂結構,逗號不能并列兩個句子
I read extensively t imprve my English.
Reading an English nvel, he came acrss many new wrds.
The bk mentined in the lecture is wrth reading.
一.非謂語動詞充當主語
t d通常表示具體某一次的行為ding通常表示長期行為或者無時間性
Selling insurance is a challenging jb.T sell his ld car is really hard.
It’s necessary t be prepared fr a jb interview. Having the answer ready will be f great help.
______ t sunlight fr t much time will d harm t ne's skin. A. Expsed 　 B. Having expsed 　 C. Being expsed 　 D. After being expsed______the meeting himself gave them a great deal f encuragement. A. The president will attend B.The president t attend? C. The president attended D. The president's attending_______________________(道路被阻塞) caused us t be late fr ur wrk fr half an hur. (blck)_______________________________(那女孩受教育) in an atmsphere f simple living was what her parents wished fr. (educate)
The rad blcked
The girl educated
English at least six years is the qualificatin fr this psitin. 至少學習英語6年才有資格應聘這個職位。 the wrld sixty years is nt enugh t make ne wise.閱歷60年也不足以使人睿智。 ur life lnger is a big prblem. 怎樣延長壽命是一個大問題。
T have studied
Having seen
It作形式主語的常用句型：
It is wrth/funny /n use/much use/n gd/much gd/useless/a wnder/a waste f time… ding sth. It is n use crying ver the spilt milk.It csts/takes/needs/requires sb. sth. t d sth. There is n ding sth.做某事不可能，沒有辦法做某事。例如： There is n telling/saying what he is ging t d. There’s n reasning with him.
There is n use/gd/pint ding sth.做某事沒用/不好。例如： There is n use crying ver spilt milk.It is adj. fr/f sb t d sth.做某事是……/某人做某事是……。 例如： It’s imprtant (fr us) t study English.（我們）學習英語很重要。 It’s very kind f yu t help me.非常感謝你幫助我。Hw stupid f me it was t leave the map behind!我真蠢，竟忘記帶地圖了！Hw nice it was fr Gerge t get the mney!喬治拿到了錢真的太好了！
二.非謂語動詞充當表語
1.不定式和動名詞的一般式作表語的區(qū)別：不定式和動名詞作表語說明主語的“內容”，即說明主語本身是什么，回答what或ding what的問題，主語和表語的位置可以互換。例如：What is his jb? 他的工作是什么？His jb is teaching/t teach English. (=Teaching/T teach English is his jb.)他的工作是教英語。
⑵表示將來或具體的某次行為常用不定式，不定式前面還可以有fr sb或特殊疑問詞；表示習慣、經常性的動作常用動名詞，但也可以用不定式，動名詞前面還可以有其邏輯主語ne’s。Our task nw is t increase fd prductin.我們的任務是增加產量。（不是平時或經常增加產量，而是要增加產量。）This is fr yu t decide.這由你來決定。The questin is hw t put the plan int practice.What trubles us is ur nt having any gd reference bk.令我們煩惱的是我們沒有什么好參考書。（平時我們就沒有什么好參考書。）His wish is t buy a luxurius car in the near future.What she likes is watching/t watch the children play.她喜歡的是看孩子們玩。（指她平時或經常喜歡看孩子們玩。）
⑶已經變成了形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞表示主語的性質或狀態(tài)。This bk is s interesting that everyne is interested in it. 這本非常有趣，大家多對它感興趣。⑷動名詞的完成式表示動作的完成。His regret is having tried every means and being abandned by her.
當主語部分中有實義動詞d的某種形式時（如：d, did, have/has/had dne, t d等），作表語的不定式常省去t。例如：The nly thing I can d is wait and see.What I really want t d is travel by bike.
In time yu may cme t like it here. Yu’ve cme t mean a lt t me. I’m sure the kids will sn get t like each ther.It’ll take a while fr yu t knw everyne.I think yu’ll grw t like him when yu knw him better.
cme，get和grw與不定式連用
三.非謂語動詞充當賓語
1. 不定式的一般式、進行式和完成式作動詞賓語不定式t d表示動作在將來或在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，但不定式“t be +表語”表示主語的性質或身份，它們的邏輯主語是句子的主語。David threatened t reprt his neighbr t the plice if the damages were nt paid. It prmises t be cl in the evening. He pretended t be a gentleman, but actually he was a cheat.
只能跟t d作賓語的動詞和短語動詞有： affrd；aim；agree；appear/seem；arrange；ask；beg；demand；attempt；bther；chse；claim；dare；decide/determine；refuse/decline；plan；prepare；hpe/expect/want/wish/desire/lng；fail；happen；hesitate；manage；seek；ffer；vlunteer；pretend；prmise/undertake；swear；threaten；wait；set ut等。
不定式的進行式表示動作正在進行或與謂語動作同時進行。例如：He pretended t be reading when his mther came in.不定式的完成式表示動作在謂語動作之前已經完成。例如：D let yur mther knw all the truth. She appears t have been tld everything. I dn’t knw whether yu happen t have heard, but I’m ging t study in the this September.He pretended t have seen the magic clthes.（=He pretended that he had seen the magic clthes.）
為了避免重復前面已經出現(xiàn)過的動詞，常省去不定式中的動詞及其賓語或表語，只保留t。但是，t be，t have和t have been都不省略。例如：—Wuld yu like t see ur baby?—Yes. I’d lve t. (雖然從語法上講，I’d lve t see yur baby./I’d lve t d s/that/it.都對，但是，人們實際上不這樣說。)I wuld mend yur radi, but I dn’t knw hw t.Why didn’t yu cme at eight? Yu were tld t.
這種結構中的t d也表示動作在將來或在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，其邏輯主語是句子的主語。例如：I’ve wrked with children befre, s I knw what t expect in my new jb. Yu must cnsider hw t take the next step.
2.“疑問詞（why除外）+t d”結構作動詞賓語
動名詞的一般式和完成式作賓語
動名詞可以作介詞、及物動詞和及物短語動詞的賓語。其一般式往往表示動作在將來或在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，完成式表示已經完成或在謂語動作之前完成。例如：Smething as simple as drinking sme cld water may clear yur mind and relieve pressure.Tny was very unhappy fr nt having been invited t the party.—There is a stry here in the paper abut a 110-year-ld man.—My gdness! I can’t imagine being that ld.
只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞和短語
acknwledge/admit；advise/suggest/recmmend；advcate；avid；appreciate；escape；cnsider；cmplete/finish；delay/pstpne；deny；enjy；excuse/pardn/frgive；fancy（=feel like）；imagine；include；invlve；keep；mind；miss；permit；practise/practice；prevent；quit；reprt；risk；cannt resist；cannt tlerate； understand；give up；put ff；feel like；set abut等。
cntribute t；lead t；bject t；react t；keep t；stick t；see t；turn t；be/get/becme used/accustmed t ；be addicted t；be devted t ；be equal t；be reduced t；be ppsed t；be related t；get dwn t；give ne’s mind t；give thught t；lk frward t；put ne’s mind t；say yes t等。
be wrth/busy值得怎么樣；忙于做某事；have difficulty/truble/a gd/hard time(in) ding sth.做某事吃力、費勁或有困難；what/hw abut ding sth.做某事怎么樣。It is wrth cnsidering what makes “cnvenience” fds s ppular, and intrducing better nes f yur wn.
動名詞的復合結構作賓語
動名詞的復合結構可以作某些動詞、短語動詞和所有介詞的賓語，其邏輯主語中的名詞的所有格可以改用名詞，人稱代詞的所有格可以改用賓格，但不能改用主格。例如：I frbid Tm’s/Tm/yur/yu cming int my rm. =Tm’s/Yur cming int my rm is frbidden.（不能說Tm is/Yu are frbidden cming int my rm.但可以說Tm is/Yu are frbidden t cme int my rm./Tm is/Yu are frbidden frm cming int my rm.）I thught f the passengers waiting fr help. They think f greedy businessmen hiding frm their respnsibilities t the envirnment and nly thinking abut mney. At the beginning f class, the nise f desks being pened and clsed culd be heard utside the classrm.
I really can’t understand yu/them/their treating her like that. The discvery f new evidence led t the thief being caught.常跟動名詞的復合結構作賓語動詞和短語動詞有：advise，appreciate，suggest，prpse，recmmend，excuse，pardn，frgive，permit，prevent，mind，understand，lead t，think f等。
動名詞和不定式的一般式作賓語意義相同
有些動詞既可跟t d也可跟ding作賓語，意義差別不大。這些動詞常見的有：begin/start開始；cntinue繼續(xù)；cease停止；hate討厭；intend/prpse計劃，打算；like/lve喜歡；prefer寧愿，更喜歡；cannt stand/bear不能容忍，無法忍受；等。 但在下列情況下通常用不定式。wuld like/lve/prefer/hate之后謂語動詞begin和start已用進行時態(tài)時賓語是表示心理狀態(tài)或精神活動的動詞 I began t understand/see/realize/wnder wh had dne it.
不定式和動名詞的一般式作賓語意義不同
有些動詞跟t d和ding作賓語意義明顯不同。例如：remember t d sth.記住、別忘了要去做某事；remember ding sth.記得/想起了曾經做過某事。frget t d sth.忘記要去做某事；frget ding sth.忘了做過某事regret t d sth.抱歉/遺憾要做某事；regret ding/having dne sth.后悔/遺憾做了某事。mean t d sth.打算，想要做某事或有做某事的意圖；mean ding sth.意味著、意思是、就是、等于做某事。
try t d sth.設法、試圖、努力去做某事；try ding sth.做某事試試看，嘗試著做某事。want t d sth.想做某事；want ding需要被做。need t d sth.需要做某事；need ding需要被怎么樣，等于want/require ding。cannt help (t)d sth.不能幫助做某事；cannt help ding sth.忍不住、禁不住、情不自禁地做某事或無意中做了某事。cnsider hw t d sth.考慮怎樣做某事；cnsider ding sth.考慮做某事。（不能說cnsider t d sth.）
三個“需要need/want/require”，一個“值得deserve”跟ding和t be dne意義相同，都表示“被動”
The huse needs/wants/requires repairing (=t be repaired).He deserves praising (=t be praised).As r result f the serius fld, tw-thirds f the buildings in the area need repairing.
I never dreamed f ______________________(會有這樣的機會)t study in the hspital.(there)The visiting expert preferred giving lecturers t ______________________(被邀請)meetings at times.(invite)
四.非謂語動詞充當賓補
1. t d sth.t d sth作賓語補足語，表示“動作在將來發(fā)生”。如advise sb t d sth.勸某人去做某事。能這樣用的動詞和動詞短語有ask請求，beg懇求，request請求，要求，advise勸說，建議，press極力勸說，敦促，催促，urge力勸，敦促，催促，persuade說服，勸服，allw/permit允許，frbid禁止，cause使得，導致，get使得，促使，lead使得，引導，blige使不得不，drive迫使，逼迫，frce強制，強迫，迫使，rder/cmmand命令，instruct命令，指示，tell要求，命令，叫，encurage鼓勵，促進，激發(fā)，inspire鼓舞，激勵，invite邀請，expect/want/wish希望，need需要，require需要，法規(guī)要求，規(guī)定，teach教，train訓練，remind提醒，knw見過，聽說過，help幫助；call n號召，depend n/rely n依靠，指望，lng fr渴望，wait fr等待，等。
有些動詞的賓補t d sth.或nt t d sth.可以轉換成“介詞+動名詞”結構。例如：①advise sb. nt t d sth.=advise sb. against ding sth.勸某人不要做某事 ②persuade sb. t d sth.=persuade sb. int ding sth.說服某人去做某事；persuade sb. nt t d sth.=persuade sb. ut f ding sth.③frbid sb. t d sth.=frbid sb. frm ding sth.禁止某人做某事④warn sb. nt t d sth.=warn sb. against ding sth.警告、告誡、提醒某人不要做某事⑤help sb. t d sth.=help sb. in ding sth.幫助某人做某事
有些動詞只能跟“介詞+動名詞”作賓補，不能跟t d sth.作賓補。例如：①keep sb. frm ding sth.阻止/防止某人做某事（=prevent/stp sb. (frm) ding sth.）②prhibit sb. frm ding sth.禁止/阻止某人做某事（=frbid sb. t d sth./ frbid sb. frm ding sth. esp. by laws, rules r regulatins）③discurage sb. frm ding sth.勸阻某人不要做某事/阻止某人做某事（=persuade sb. nt t d sth.）④accuse sb. f ding sth.指責、指控、控告某人做某事⑤charge sb. with ding sth.控告、指控某人做某事
2. 不定式“t be +表語”作賓補
有些動詞跟賓語后再跟“t be +表語”作賓語補足語，表示“賓語的性質或身份”。這些動詞有：believe/ cnsider/suppse/think，judge，knw，find，discver，guess，feel，imagine，recgnize，shw/prve，reprt。等。比如，feel sb. t be right；suppse sb. t be an expert。特別提醒：⑴believe, feel, cnsider, think, judge, find, discver, prve等后面的補足語可省略t be。比如，We cnsider him (t be) hnest.⑵有些動詞除了跟“t be”作賓補外，還能跟“t have dne”作賓補，但不能跟“t d”作賓補。這些動詞有：believe/cnsider/judge/suppse認為，shw證明/表明，reprt報告。比如，believe sb t have dne sth.認為某人做了某事⑶個別動詞跟t be作賓補，等于“介詞+being”。比如，suspect sb. t be=suspect sb. f being懷疑某人是……
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞ding sth.作賓補
有些動詞跟賓語后再跟“ding sth.”作賓語補足語，表示“賓語正在做某事”。這些動詞有：keep使/讓/保持，catch抓住，撞見，discver（出乎意料地）發(fā)現(xiàn)、碰見或撞見，find 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺，imagine想象，smell聞到，等。例如：Carrie went int the kitchen, where she fund them giggling tgether. I caught/discvered him reading my private letter.I smell smething ______ in the kitchen. Can I call yu back in a minute?A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. t be burnt
特別提醒：⑴不能說find/discver/catch sb. d sth.。當說“發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做過了某事”時，用find/discver that sb. has dne sth.句型。 比如，I called n her this evening; but I fund/discvered she had gne t the cuntry n a visit.今晚我去看他，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他已去了鄉(xiāng)下訪友。⑵keep sb. ding sth.意為“使某人一直做某事”，而keep sb frm ding sth.意為“防止、阻止某人做某事”，=prevent/stp sb (frm) ding sth.
4. t d sth.與ding sth.作賓補意義不同
leave和send兩個動詞既能跟t d作賓補，也能跟ding作賓補，但意義不同。⑴leave sb. t d sth讓某人處理某事、把某工作或任務交給某人（t d sth.是主語有意識的目的）；leave sb. ding sth使/讓某人處于做某事的狀態(tài)（ding sth.不一定是主語所要達到的目的）。例如：I left her t d the decisin.我讓她做決定。I’m srry t have left yu waiting fr s lng a time.⑵send sb. t d sth.派/送某人去做某事(t d sth表示賓語將去做某事)。send sb. ding sth.使得某人做某事(ding表示賓語由靜止狀態(tài)轉向運動狀態(tài)，并且具有描述性)。例如：I sent Jean t g get sme butter.我叫吉恩去買點黃油來。The explsin sent glass flying everywhere.爆炸使玻璃到處亂飛。
5. 只能跟d sth.作賓補的動詞make和let
make sb d sth有兩個意思，一是表示“使、引起、導致某人做某事”，二是表示“強迫、迫使某人做某事”。例如：That tune makes me want t dance.那支曲子使我想跳舞。/聽到那支曲子我就想跳舞。They made us write it ut again ten times.他們強迫我們再寫十遍。let sb d sth意為“讓、允許某人做某事”。例如：Dn’t let yur bss hear yu say that.（=Dn’t allw yur bss t hear yu say that.）不要讓你的老板聽到我們說這樣的事情。
6. d sth.和ding sth.作賓補具有不同的動作意義
有些動詞跟d sth.作賓補指動作的“結果”，而跟ding sth.作賓補指動作的“過程”。 這些動詞和短語動詞有：see，hear，feel，ntice，bserve，watch，listen t，lk at。等。比如，see sb d sth看到某人做了某事， see sb ding sth看到某人正在做某事。
特別提醒：⑴see sb. d sth.之類的句型變成被動語態(tài)時，原來不帶t的不定式要帶t。但是，see sb. ding sth.變成被動語態(tài)時ding不變。 I saw him cme in and sit dwn.我看見他走了進來坐下了?！? He was seen (by me) t cme in and sit dwn. I saw him lying n the grund.我看見他正躺在地上?！? He was seen (by me) lying n the grund.只見他正躺在地上。⑵當謂語動詞表示經常性的習慣時，d和ding作賓補意義相同。 I ften heard him sing/singing this sng. 我常聽見他唱這首歌。
7. 過去分詞（dne）作賓補
dne作賓語補足語，表示動作“被動和完成”。 這些動詞除了上面的hear, feel, ntice, bserve, watch, have以外，還有want, wish, expect, like, make, get, keep, leave等。其中，want, wish, expect和like等表示“意圖”的動詞后的賓補可省去t be，從而使語氣更加顯得毅然決然。例如：We want the jb (t be) dne by the end f this week.我們想這項工作到本周末做完。
作賓補時不定式的省略為了避免重復前面已經出現(xiàn)過的動詞，常省去不定式中的動詞及其賓語，只保留t。但是，t be，t have和t have been都不省略。例如：The by wanted t play ftball in the street, but his mther tld him nt t.那小男孩想到大街上去踢足球，但是他媽媽叫他不去。
He is said ____________________________(在國外學習)fr tw years, but I dn’t knw which cuntry he is in.(study)What a great lad the mther felt ______________________(如釋重負)her mind the mment her lst sn turned up.(take)
t have studied abrad
五.非謂語動詞充當定語
1. t d和t be dne它們作定語常具有“后時性”，表示“其動作在謂語動作之后發(fā)生”，且多具有情態(tài)意義，與被修飾的詞之間具有動賓關系、主謂關系和補充說明的關系。當修飾the first, next, last等序數(shù)詞時，可以表示動作的“完成”或“已經發(fā)生”。例如：I have a meeting t attend (=that I will/must/have t attend）.（動賓關系）Please tell me the subject t be discussed (=which will be/will have t be discussed) at the next meeting. （主謂關系）She had nly 1.87 dllars with which t buy Jim (= with which she culd buy Jim), her husband a present. （補充說明的關系）Tm was the first t cme (=wh came) t the classrm this mrning. （cme的動作已經發(fā)生）
2. t d還是t be dne用t d是省掉了fr sb.；用t be dne是省掉了by sb.。因為不定式動作的執(zhí)行者非常明顯，省掉后不影響理解或不會造成誤解。另外，有時加上fr sb.或by sb.反而顯得句子累贅。例如：D yu have anything imprtant t d tday? 今天你有什么重要的事情要做嗎？I’m ging t the pst ffice. D yu have any letter t be psted, Mary?/D yu have any letter fr me t pst, Mary?我去郵局，你有信要寄嗎，瑪麗？
特別提醒：⑴“介詞 + whm（指人）/介詞 + which（指物）t d sth.”結構作定語。He is the best man frm whm t get the news. → He is the best man frm whm we can get the news.他是能夠得到消息的最佳人選。⑵當不定式與被修飾的詞之間具有動賓關系時，不及物動詞的不定式往往需要加上適當?shù)慕樵~。如：She is a very nice persn t wrk with.她是一個非常適合合作的人。⑶如果被修飾的詞是表示“時間、地點（只限place）、方式、錢”，習慣上不定式后不加介詞。例如：He had n mney and n place t live.That will be the best way t slve the prblem.He is lking fr a htel t stay at. （at不能省略）
4. ding，being dne與having dne
ding和being dne作定語具有“進行性”、“不間斷性”、“經常性”或“同時性”，表示動作正在發(fā)生、不間斷地發(fā)生或經常發(fā)生，或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，與被修飾的詞之間具有主謂關系；having dne通常作“非限制性”的定語，實際上它已經失去了定語的作用，起到一種狀語或補充說明的作用，所以，往往用逗號與句子的其他成分分開。例如：The by standing there (=wh is standing there) is a classmate f mine.站在那邊的男孩是我的一個同班同學。（進行性）…nt nly is the amunt f water taken frm the river rising, but the waste being put back int the river has als been increasing.不僅長江的取水量在增加，而且回放到長江的廢物也在增加。(不間斷性)
Asia is the largest cntinent cvering (= which cvers) ne third f the earth’s land area.亞洲是最大的大陸，它覆蓋地球陸地面積的三分之一。（經常性）He tld us t keep a secret f the things being discussed (=which were being discussed)他叫我們?yōu)檎谟懻摰氖虑楸Ｊ孛孛堋＃ㄍ瑫r性，與tld同時發(fā)生)The ld man, having wrked abrad fr twenty years (=wh has wrked abrad fr twenty years), is n the way back t his mtherland.（2004江蘇，29）這位老人，在國外已經工作了20年，現(xiàn)在就要回國了。（非限制性的定語，起補充說明作用。）
5. dne作定語表示動作“被動、完成”或“沒有一定的時間性的被動”，只是說明被修飾詞的特征，與被修飾的詞之間具有主謂關系。例如：This is a factry built (=which was built) in 1977.這是一個1977年建的工廠。（built表示被動和已完成）He is a man lved and respected (=wh is lved and respected) by all.他是一個受到大家愛戴的人。 （只表示被動，沒有具體時間）
6. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語無被動意義 動名詞作定語不表示進行
a develped cuntry屬于過去分詞作定語。過去分詞作定語表示“被動和完成”，所以，a develped cuntry =a cuntry that is/has been develped意為“一個發(fā)達的國家”；a develping cuntry屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示“動作正在進行”，所以， a develping cuntry =a cuntry that is develping意為“一個發(fā)展中的國家”；a sleeping car屬于動名詞作定語。動名詞作定語表示“作用或用途”，所以，a sleeping car=a car fr sleeping r a car used fr sleeping意為“一節(jié)臥車”比較a sleeping baby
只有不定式的一般式和動名詞的一般式可以作同位語。動名詞作同位語起“解釋”作用，等于that is，前面往往有逗號或破折號。動名詞的同位語可以是抽象名詞，也可以是具體名詞。不定式作同位語往往起“限定”作用，等于f ding，前面往往沒有逗號；這時，不定式的同位語往往是抽象名詞，這些抽象名詞通常都是從相應的能與不定式搭配的動詞或形容詞轉化而來的。如attempt努力，嘗試，企圖，decisin決定，determinatin決心， invitatin邀請，prmise保證，承諾，prpsal建議，refusal拒絕，reslutin決定，決心，will意志，wish愿望。等。但有時不定式也和動名詞一樣，起“解釋”作用，這時被解釋的名詞往往不是抽象名詞。
My jb, teaching (=that is) children f five t draw, is very interesting.I became interested in his idea—ding experiments n the panda itself.She has a strng wish t g t cllege (=f ging t cllege/that she culd g t cllege)他有上大學的強烈愿望。（注意：名詞wish后面的t g t cllege不能改成ging t cllege。）His anxiety t knw the truth is bvius.He was disappinted in his plan f earning (=t earn) ten thusand dllars a mnth.The secnd is cnnected with the main use the bdy makes f fd—t supply the energy fr mvement.
作狀語的非謂語動詞是不定式或分詞，動名詞不作狀語。它們可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、方式、伴隨狀語或補充說明、條件狀語、目的狀語、結果狀語、讓步狀語、描述性狀語。不同的非謂語動詞形式所表示的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義不同。
1. 時間狀語：t d, ding, dne, having dne和having been dne
⑴t d常用于情感形容詞之后，與主語具有主動的主謂關系，表示其動作與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。例如：We were extremely glad t see（=when we saw）Shenzhu Ⅶ shting int the sky.看到神州7號直射天空，我們高興極了。
⑵ding與主語之間具有主動的主謂關系，表示其動作正在進行或與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生或進行。為了強調時間，有時ding前面加連詞when或while。例如：Hearing the knck n the dr (=When they heard /On hearing the knck n the dr), they stpped talking.他們聽到有人敲門就停止了談話。Be careful while/when crssing the street.（=Be careful while/when yu are crssing/when yu crss the street.）過馬路要小心。
⑶dne與主語之間具有被動關系，表示其動作與謂語動作“同時完成”或“緊接著完成”。所以它不能與一段時間的狀語連用。另外，過去分詞意在“敘述”或“說明”做某事的時間，相當于時間狀語從句用一般時態(tài)。為了強調時間，有時dne前面加連詞when, whenever, while, nce等。例如：Whenever asked (=Whenever he is asked), he cmes t help me.他每請必來幫我。Once seen (=Once it is seen), it can never be frgtten.見了就難以忘記。
⑷having dne與主語之間具有主動關系，having been dne與主語之間具有被動關系；兩者都表示其動作在謂語動作之前完成，并且兩個動作之間具有一定的時間間隔，所以它們可以與一段時間的狀語連用。另外，它們側重說明動作的先后順序，即非謂語動作在前，謂語動作在后。Having dne her hmewrk (=After she did/she had dne/When she had dne her hmewrk), she went t bed.她做完作業(yè)以后睡的覺。Having been shwn (=After we had been shwn) the lab, we were taken t see the library.我們被領著看了實驗室，然后又被著參觀了圖書館。Having bserved the prblem fr many years (=After he bserved/he had bserved the prblem fr many years), he annunced that we are nw facing the biggest envirnmental prblem f ur time.
2. 原因狀語：t d，ding，being，dne，having dne和having been dne
⑴t d常用在情感動詞和情感形容詞的后面，與主語具有主動的主謂關系，表示其動作與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，有時可理解為時間狀語。例如：Yu were silly nt t have lcked yur car. (=Yu were silly because yu had nt lcked yur car.)你沒有把車鎖上，真傻。I’m s srry t hear (=as I hear) yur mther is ill.聽到你媽媽病了，我很難過。
⑵ ding與主語之間具有主動的主謂關系，其動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生；相當于原因狀語從句。例如：Nt knwing English (=As/Because he didn’t knw English), he culdn’t understand the film.由于不懂英語，他看不懂那部電影。
⑶being與主語之間具有系表關系，說明主語的性質、狀態(tài)或身份，being常省略；省略后的部分原因的意味更弱，更像同位語。所以，漢語的“因為/由于”二字常不譯出來。例如：Being (=As he was) a very tall man, he tk hld f the elephant’s ear.他是個大高個，所以抓住了大象的耳朵。A brn teacher (=As she was a brn teacher), she dreamed f turning a deaf-blind creature int a useful human being.她是一位天生的老師，向往著把一個又聾又瞎的人變成一個有用人才。
⑷ dne與主語之間具有被動的主謂關系，其動作與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。例如：Reminded （=Because he was reminded）nt t miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set ut fr the airprt in a hurry.因為有人提醒經理不要錯過15點20的飛機，所以他急忙動身前往機場。Greatly surprised (=Because he was greatly surprised), he culdn’t say a wrd.他非常吃驚，一句話也說不出來。Ideally lcated （=Because it is ideally lcated）fr Bradway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New Yrk Park htel is a favrite with many guests.
⑸having dne和having been dne具有“先時性”，表示其動作在謂語動作之前完成，前者表示主語主動完成，后者表示主語被動完成。例如：Having failed （=Because we had failed）t reach them n the phne, we sent an email insteadHaving been used fr years (=As it has been used fr years), this machine needs repairing.Having been tld (=Because she had been tld) abut it, she wasn’t very surprised at the news.這個消息她已被告知，所以不感到驚訝。Manatee having been in prisn fr years（= Because Manatee had been in prisn fr years）, peple culdn’t recgnize him at all.由于莫奈特坐牢多年，所以人們根本就認不出他了。
特別提醒：現(xiàn)在分詞seeing與that連用，構成復合連詞，引導原因狀語從句，意為“因為，由于，鑒于”。that可省略。例如：Seeing that (=Because) she was ging ff t sleep, I asked if she’d like that little dll n her bed.
3. 方式、伴隨狀語或補充說明：ding和dneding和dne具有“同時性”，表示其動作與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生或進行。ding作方式狀語時，相當于by ding，作伴隨狀語時，相當于and d；dne作方式或伴隨狀語時，相當于and be dne。另外，分詞作方式狀語時，常后置，也可以前置，作伴隨狀語時，總是后置。例如：The teacher entered, fllwing (=by fllwing) sme students.老師跟著幾個學生進來了。（方式狀語）The teacher entered, fllwed by sme students. (=Fllwed by sme students, the teacher entered./The teacher entered and was fllwed by sme students.)老師進來了，后面跟著幾個學生。/老師在幾個學生的陪同下進來了。（方式狀語）
Help her cmplete her letter using (=by using) the wrds in brackets.用括號里的詞幫她補全她的這封信。（方式狀語）He traveled n the plane like this, keeping the trtise hidden in a blanket. (=He traveled n the plane like this, by keeping the trtise hidden in a blanket./He traveled n the plane like this and kept the trtise hidden in a blanket. /When he traveled n the plane like this, he kept the trtise hidden in a blanket.)飛機上他就是這般模樣，將這只龜藏在毛毯里。The hunter lay n his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched n his breast. 獵人仰臥著，牙關緊閉，右手握成拳頭放在胸口。（伴隨或方式狀語）(=The hunter lay n his back, with his teeth set and his right hand clenched n his breast.)
When he cmes back three and half hurs later, they’re still sitting n the sfa, absrbed in cnversatin! He was busy writing a stry, nly ____ nce in a while t smke a cigarette. A. t stp????? B. stpping?? C. t have slpped???D. having stpped
注意：現(xiàn)在分詞在表語后面作伴隨狀語，表示其動作與謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生；不定式在表語后面作目的狀語，表示其動作在謂語動作之后發(fā)生。例如：Talk t yur friend and I’m sure that befre lng, yu’ll be back playing ftball tgether. Tday, scial expert Zhang Ying is here t tell yu t relax because there are many ways t meet peple and make new friends.
4. 條件狀語：t d, ding和dne
⑴t d多表示假設，相當于虛擬語氣的條件句，這時謂語部分常有wuld；也可以表示真實的條件，相當于真實條件句，這時謂語部分常有will。其肯定式位于句首或句末皆可，而否定式多置于句尾。例如：T lk at her（=If yu were t lk at her）, yu wuld think her a yung wman, but she is in fact 47 years ld.T be with him (=If yu are with him), yu will feel safe.Yu will d better t get her supprt. 。
He wuld have given anything t be friends with Rse.（=if he had been friends with Rse, but in fact he was nt her friends.）要是那時他能跟羅絲交上朋友的話，他是什么都愿意付出的。One will get int truble t d such a thing（= if ne shuld d such a thing）.做這樣的事會惹麻煩的。One wuld be careless nt t see the mistake（=if ne shuld nt see the mistake/withut seeing the mistake）.看不出這樣的錯誤，那簡直是太粗心了。
⑵ding總是表示真實的條件，相當于真實條件句，位置一定在句首或在句子的前半部分。例如：Wrking hard (=If yu wrk hard), yu will succeed.Turning t the left (=If yu turn t the left), yu will see the pst ffice.Time permitting (=If time permits), we shall g there n ft.
⑶dne既能表示真實條件，也能表示虛擬條件，但語態(tài)上表示被動，時態(tài)上表示完成。另外，為了強調條件，有時分詞前面加連詞if或unless等。例如：United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.Given mre attentin (=If they had been given mre attentin), the trees culd have grwn better.The flwers his friend gave him will die unless watered (=unless they are watered) every day.
⑴有的現(xiàn)在分詞已經成了介詞，與that搭配構成復合連詞，個別的還能作副詞，引導條件狀語，多表示真實的條件，有的也表示虛擬的條件。比如，介詞：suppsing如果，假如；wanting沒有，缺乏；failing如果沒有，如果……不在，如果……不行的話；cnsidering考慮到，就……而論，照……來看。復合連詞：cnsidering that考慮到，鑒于；prviding (that)只要，如果；suppsing (that)如果，假如。副詞：cnsidering從各方面來看。例如：Assuming that his stry is true, what shuld we d? Suppsing (=With) the price t be lw, will yu buy it? Wanting (=Withut) curage, victry is impssible.Failing (=Withut) specific instructins, use yur wn judgment.
Cnsidering (=If cnsidering) his age, the little by reads very well.Cnsidering (=If we take it int accunt/cnsideratin that) he’s nly just started, he knws quite a lt abut it.The little by reads very well, cnsidering everything. Sure yu can brrw the car, prviding (=if/prvided/n cnditin that) yu get it back t me befre 10 ’clck. （真實條件）She was prepared t cme, prviding that (=if/prvided) she might bring her daughter. （真實條件，指當時。）Suppsing (that) (=If/Suppse) she desn’t cme, what shall we d? （真實條件）
⑵given可以作過去分詞或介詞，也可以與that搭配構成復合連詞，它們都能引導條件狀語。其區(qū)別是：作過去分詞，given與主語之間具有被動關系，意為“如果被給予，如果有”，謂語動詞既可以用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣；作介詞，不用考慮與主語的關系，意為“如果考慮到”；與that搭配構成復合連詞，引導條件狀語從句，多用陳述語氣。例如：Given (=If I were given) the chance, I’d d it again. （分詞）Given (=If she is given) gd weather, ur ship will reach Shanghai tmrrw. 。（分詞）Given the general state f his health (=If we take the general state f his health int accunt), it may take him a while t recver frm the peratin.（介詞）Given that (=If) x equals three, x plus tw equals five. （復合連詞）
5. 目的狀語：t d和ding常見t d作目的狀語，其形式有：t d, s as t d和in rder t d；少見現(xiàn)在分詞作目的狀語，除非一些固定搭配，如g shpping去購物，fr the purpse f ding sth.為了做某事，fr the sake f ding sth.為了做某事，in the hpe f ding sth./in hpe/hpes f ding sth希望做某事，with the intentin f ding sth懷著做某事的意圖，等。它們與主語之間具有主動的主謂關系，表示其動作在謂語動作之后發(fā)生。例如：—Mum, why d yu always make me eat an egg every day? 媽媽，你為什么總是每天叫我吃一個雞蛋？—T get enugh prtein and nutritin as yu are grwing up.為了獲得足夠的蛋白質營養(yǎng)，你在長個兒。（99上海，18）T cmplete the prject in time, the staff were wrking at weekends.為了及時完成這項工程，全體工作人員周末在工作。（2009天津，4）
She started early (in rder) t catch the train. (=She started early s that/in rder that she might catch the train.)為趕火車她很早出發(fā)了。She lived in hpes f seeing ne f her sns succeed. (=She lived in rder t see ne f her sns succeed.)她生活的寄托就是希望兒子當中有人能出人頭地。Hwever, sme peple cnsider that clning human embrys with the intentin f destrying them shws n respect fr human life.但也有人認為，懷著摧毀它們的意圖來克隆人類胚胎，這時對人類生命的不尊重。（牛津高中英語模塊5，P.42, line 18）
另外，t d sth.作目的狀語置于句首和句尾都可以，在句首時，可以用逗號，在句尾時，沒有逗號。為了強調目的，或者不會使人誤解為不定式作結果狀語，往往把t d sth.或in rder t d sth.放在句首，或者把in rder t d sth.或s as t d sth.置于句尾。試比較：Last night, he wrked deep int the night t/in rder t/s as t write a reprt.=Last night, t/in rder t write a reprt, he wrked deep int the night.昨天晚上，為了寫一個報告他工作到深夜。Last night, he wrked deep int the night, writing a reprt. (=Last night, he wrked deep int the night and wrte a reprt.)昨天晚上他工作到深夜，寫了一個報告。T be a winner, yu need t give all yu have and try yur best.為了獲勝，你需要竭盡全力。（2009遼寧，27）
6. 結果狀語：t d，t be dne，ding和having dne
⑴表示自然結果和意外結果：不定式表示“意想不到的結果”，其肯定形式常與nly連用，nly起加強語氣的作用，否定形式常與never連用，前面常沒有逗號；現(xiàn)在分詞表示“自然而然的結果”，常與nly或thus連用，前面總是有逗號。另外，t d，ding和having dne與主語之間都具有主動的主謂關系，t be dne與主語之間具有被動的主謂關系。t d，t be dne和ding具有“同時性”，表示其動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生；having dne表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。再者，不定式作結果狀語相當于并列謂語；現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語有時相當于非限制性的定語從句，有時相當于并列謂語。
He hurried t the bking ffice nly t be tld that all the tickets had been sld ut. (2006陜西，32)Tw years later, his father disappeared, never t be heard frm again (=and was never heard frm again).兩年后，他的父親不見了，以后再也沒有聽到他的音信。There is mud and water everywhere, making (=which makes) it difficult t travel frm place t place. 到處都是泥漿和誰，讓此地到彼地的行程變得很困難。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing (=and thus caused) the delay. (=Their car was caught in a traffic jam. Thus/Therefre/As a result, it caused the delay.)他們的車遭遇了一場交通阻塞，結果造成了延誤。The strm left, having caused a lt f damage t this area. (=The strm left and had caused a lt f damage t this area.)風暴過去了，對該地區(qū)已經造成了很大破壞。
⑵表示某種程度的結果：只有不定式可以表示某種程度的結果。它表示主要動作所達到的程度所產生的結果，其用法有以下兩種：①跟在live和be built等動詞后面。例如：He lived t be a very ld man.(=He lived up t the time that/when he was an ld man.)他活得很長。（壽命的程度所產生的結果。）I’m glad she didn’t live t see/witness the break-up f her daughter’s marriage. (=I’m glad she didn’t live t the time that/when she saw/witnessed the break-up f her daughter’s marriage.)我很欣慰，她沒有活著看見她女兒婚姻破裂。Many f the streets in Disneyland are built t lk like streets in the USA in the 1890s. (=Many f the streets in Disneyland are built s that they lk like streets in the USA in the 1890s.)迪斯尼樂園里的許多街道修建得好像19世紀90年代的美國街道。（街道修建的式樣和質量所產生的結果。）
②跟在某些形容詞后面，此時形容詞表示說話者對主語的“評論”。常見的形容詞有：easy, difficult, hard, cnvenient，dangerus，nice, fit, gd, high, cmfrtable, heavy, expensive, impssible, safe，unsafe等，并且這些形容詞還可以與s as t d, s… as t d, such… as t d, such as t, enugh t d或t… t d結構連用。注意：這樣用時，不定式的邏輯主語是它前面的fr sb.中的sb.，而實際上fr sb常被省略，因為不定式動作的執(zhí)行者常常很明顯。不定式的邏輯賓語就是句子的主語，因此，不定式用主動語態(tài)。
I like getting up very early in summer. The mrning air is s gd t breathe.我喜歡夏天早起。呼吸早晨的空氣令人心曠神怡。（2008全國I，26；早晨的空氣好的程度所產生的結果）The prblem is easy t answer. (=The prblem is easy fr me/us/yu/everyne t answer.)問題容易回答。（問題的難易程度所產生的結果。）The huse is s high and narrw as t resemble a twer.這房子又高又窄，像一座塔。（房子的樣子所產生的結果。）His indifference is such as t make ne despair.他如此冷冰冰的，令人感到絕望。（他的冷淡態(tài)度所產生的結果。）The rm is big enugh t hld ne hundred peple.這房間大得足以容納一百人。（房間的容積所產生的結果。）
⑶表示某種因果關系的結果：有時，不定式表示一種“因果關系”中的“果”。即主要動作是因，不定式動作是果。例如：He had verslept t be late fr schl. (=He had verslept, s that he was late fr schl.)他睡過了頭，結果上學遲到了。What have I dne t make yu s angry? (=What have I dne that yu shuld be s angry?) 我做了什么使你那么生氣？
7. 讓步狀語：ding, dne和having been dneding與主語之間具有主動關系；具有“同時性”或“進行性”，表示其動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或正在進行。dne和having been dne都與主語之間具有被動關系，都表示“被動完成”，只不過having been dne強調動作在謂語動作之前完成。另外，為了強調讓步，它們前面可加上連詞thugh等。例如：Weighing (=Althugh it weighs) almst 800 jin, the barbell was successfully lifted by him.杠鈴重達800斤，卻被他成功舉起。
Whether sleeping r waking (=Whether he was sleeping r waking), he was nt at ease.不管睡著還是醒著，他心都不安。Althugh defeated (=Althugh he was/had been defeated), he shwed grace.他雖敗猶榮。The sldier walked very slwly as if having been wunded (=as if he had been wunded).那個士兵走得很慢，好像首了傷似的。
特別提醒：⑴連詞后跟being時，being常常被省略。例如：Thugh (being) in her wn rm, she still felt unsafe.雖然在自己房間里，她仍然感到不安全。⑵現(xiàn)在分詞granting和過去分詞granted與that連用，構成復合連詞，引導讓步狀語從句，意為“即使，就算，縱然”。that可省略。例如：Granted/Granting that yu are right, I wn’t d it.就算你說的是正確的，我也不打算做那件事。
⑶nt ding與withut ding作狀語的區(qū)別：nt ding是現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式，作狀語表示方式、伴隨或附加說明、時間、條件、讓步、原因或結果，常用逗號與句子的其它成份分開；withut ding是“介詞+動名詞”結構，有時可以把withut ding sth.改成withut sth.結構。該介詞短語作狀語常表示方式、伴隨或附加說明、條件或轉折性的結果，且語氣強于nt ding，常不用逗號與其它成份分開。例如：Nt understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher t explain the wrd.因為他不懂該詞的意思，所以就去請老師作解釋。（原因）He waited cntentedly, nt trying t peep at her.他心滿意足地等著，沒有力圖偷看她的表現(xiàn)。（伴隨）
These bats catch large numbers f fish withut giving them time t lay eggs. (=These bats catch large numbers f fish and dn’t give them time t lay eggs.)這些捕撈船捕撈大量的魚類，根本不給它們時間產卵。（伴隨）Yu can tuch it r even pull its tail withut causing it t mve r wake up. (=Yu can tuch it r even pull its tail but cannt cause it t mve r wake up.)你可以觸摸它，甚至可以拉它的尾巴，卻不能使它活動或醒來。（轉折性結果）She went ut withut (wearing) a hat.她出去了，沒戴帽子。（伴隨或方式）
8. 描述狀語已經失去了主動意味而具有形容詞性的現(xiàn)在分詞和已經失去了被動意味而具有形容詞性的過去分詞經常和形容詞一起作描述性狀語，說明主語的狀態(tài)特征，其位置可在句首或句末，常用逗號與句子的其它部分分開。Surprised and happy, Tny std up and accepted the prize.托尼又驚又喜，站起來接受了獎品。He reached hme at last, tired and hungry.他終于回到了家里，又累又餓。The wlf dg lies by the gate, very frightening.那條狼狗臥在大門旁，非常嚇人。
非謂語動詞題目三步走：
謂語動詞/句型的要求主被動關系時間先后順序
判定題目是否考察非謂語
He walked dwn the hills, _ sftly t himself. A. singB. sings C. singingD. was singingHe walked dwn the hills, and _ sftly t himself. A. singB. sings C. singing D. was singing