高考英語閱讀精品套裝（一講雙練） 考點4--主旨要義之段落大意（實戰(zhàn)練）

這是一份高考英語閱讀精品套裝（一講雙練） 考點4--主旨要義之段落大意（實戰(zhàn)練），文件包含考點4--主旨要義之段落大意教師版docx、考點4--主旨要義之段落大意學(xué)生版docx等2份試卷配套教學(xué)資源，其中試卷共41頁， 歡迎下載使用。
一、在復(fù)習(xí)語言點的時候，要依據(jù)語言的橫向組合和縱向聚合，按照“點—線—面”順序，構(gòu)建知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境。
二、多做高考題，少扣模擬題
要想熟悉高考的思路，最重要的一環(huán)就是做題。近五年的高考試題，特別是有些地區(qū)新課標(biāo)執(zhí)行起來題型發(fā)生了變化，就更需要我們適應(yīng)它。在做高考題的時候，應(yīng)該注意以下幾個方面：
1、時間的把控。
2、總結(jié)一下各部分的得分情況，了解自己的強弱項。
3、留意出題點，揣摩不同內(nèi)容出題人的著眼點在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻詞匯表，少記課外詞
詞匯背誦是高考備考非常重要的一環(huán)，同學(xué)們要及早動手。在第一輪復(fù)習(xí)的時候，至少要過詞意關(guān)。
四、寫作。研究高考寫作命題話題范圍，根據(jù)測試的頻度和交際場景的生活化程度進行分類。
考點4--主旨要義之段落大意--練高考--心中有數(shù)
1.D【2022·新高考I卷】
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (對齊), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
12. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
13. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
15. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。
12. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，學(xué)者Charles Hckett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見?，F(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的Damian Blasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D。
13. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顎結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C。
14. A主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來進一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A。15. C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小組成員Steven Mran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！保笨芍?，Steven Mran認(rèn)為語音是一個復(fù)雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。
2.D【2022·全國甲卷】
Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口號), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解決).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
34. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
35. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
【文章大意】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章作者和悉尼人士的交流反映了悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題——發(fā)展為一個傳統(tǒng)文化城市還是現(xiàn)代化城市。
32. C主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. 20世紀(jì)60年代初，澳大利亞悉尼發(fā)生了一件大事。這座城市發(fā)現(xiàn)了它的港口 ”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city. 正是港口造就了這個城市”可知，本段的大意是悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選C。
33. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilt Sydney ferrybats fr a living. 30多歲的Andrew Reynlds是個快樂的小伙子，他在悉尼擔(dān)任渡輪領(lǐng)航員為生”、第三段中的“I’ll miss these ld bats. 我會想念這些舊船的”以及第五段中的“Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. 雙體船更快，但它們不那么優(yōu)雅，駕駛起來也不有趣”可知，Andrew Reynlds喜歡老式渡船。故選D。
34. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段中的Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. 悉尼的官方歷史學(xué)家Shirley Fitzgerald告訴我，在20世紀(jì)70年代奔向現(xiàn)代化的過程中，悉尼把很多它的過去都拋在了一邊，包括許多最漂亮的建筑，可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald認(rèn)為悉尼正在失去它的傳統(tǒng)。故選A。
35. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中的On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. (另一方面，同時既年輕又古老也有它的魅力。當(dāng)我遇到一位深思熟慮的年輕商人Anthny時，我考慮到了這一點)以及最后一段He is right，可推知，作者贊同Anthny的觀點，認(rèn)為一座城市可以同時既年輕又古老。故選A。
3.2021年全國乙卷之B篇
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座機）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （調(diào)查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了澳大利亞使用固定電話的情況，并且表達了固定電話是非必需品的觀點。
【24題】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (現(xiàn)在你很難在澳大利亞找到15歲以上的沒有手機的人。事實上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手機。幾乎每個人都可以隨時隨地?fù)艽蚝徒勇犽娫?”可推知，本段主要說明手機在澳大利亞廣受歡迎。故選B項。
【25題】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞的上文“Of thse Australians wh still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人中)”可知，這個調(diào)查的目標(biāo)人群是仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人；根據(jù)下文“it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies (固定電話并不是必須的，他們將其作為一種安全保障——19%的人表示他們從未使用過固定電話，另有13%的人保留固定電話以防緊急情況)”可知，很多人認(rèn)為固定電話并不是必須擁有的，有些人保留固定電話只是為了防止緊急情況。從而推知，在調(diào)查中，他們應(yīng)該是承認(rèn)了固定電話的非必要性。由此推知，劃線單詞“cncede”意為“承認(rèn)”。故選A項。
【26題】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years.(嬰兒潮時代中有84%的人可能已經(jīng)有50年相同的家庭號碼了)”以及文章第五段“That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents (也就是說，老實說，唯一打過我們家電話的人是嬰兒潮一代的父母)”可推知，嬰兒潮時代的人一直用固定電話。故選C項。
【27題】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? (你有多喜歡你的座機？它們還要多久才能走上煤氣路燈和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用類比的方式，使用煤氣路燈以及早晨送牛奶已經(jīng)被淘汰的例子，側(cè)面說明了固定電話總有一天會廢棄的。故選B項。
4.2021年6月浙江卷之C篇
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images(圖像)f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapesB. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angryD. cmmunicate with each ther
9. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies.B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the studyD. An explanatin f the research methd.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇說明文。一項研究證明狗能夠識別人類面部表情，但目前還不清楚它們?yōu)槭裁从羞@種能力，可能的原因是它們長時間與人類共同生活。
【8題】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face.(研究人員訓(xùn)練了11只狗來區(qū)分同一個人臉上的表情是高興還是憤怒)”可知，該新研究的關(guān)注點是狗是否能夠區(qū)分人的面部表情。故選B。
【9題】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn’s face. The researchers then tested the dgs’ ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn’s face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training.(在訓(xùn)練階段，每只狗只看到人臉的上半部分或下半部分。研究人員隨后測試了狗辨別人類面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或與訓(xùn)練中使用的完全不同的圖像)”可知，在訓(xùn)練和測試階段，狗看的照片是不一樣的。故選C。
【10題】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的““T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller說：“對我們來說，最可能的解釋似乎是，基于他們與人類生活在一起，這讓他們有很多機會接觸人類的面部表情，而這種接觸為他們提供了很多機會，讓他們學(xué)會區(qū)分他們?！?”可知，最后一段主要講述了狗能夠辨別人類面部表情的可能原因。故選B。
5.2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷之D篇
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(發(fā)光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(電源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(傳輸).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。
32.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。
33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測植物缺水的情況。故選A。
34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。
35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
6.2019年全國卷I之D篇
During the rsy years f elementary schl(小學(xué)), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(從事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對別人好，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。
32.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status（在美好的小學(xué)時光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時，是一個慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷靜的，故選C。
33.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。
34.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應(yīng)性更強，故選B。
35.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通過閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。與選項A“對別人好——最終，你的收獲無窮無盡”一致，故選A。7.2019年北京卷之D篇
By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas，while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface，where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
42. What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A. The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B. The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C. The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D. The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.
43. What des the underlined wrd“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnticeable
44. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Phytplanktn play a declining rle in the marine ecsystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's mdel aims t prject phytplanktn changesC. Phytplanktn have been used t cntrl glbal climate
D. Oceans with mre phytplanktn may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpse f the passage？
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。一項最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因為一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因為光線反射的作用，它們在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響。氣候變暖會改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長。
42. B 【解析】段落大意題。第一段“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“At the heart phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms called phytplanktn. Becaust f the way light reflects ff the rganisms ,these phytplanktns create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue, depending n the type and cncentratin”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，這取決于海洋的類型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項可知B符合題意，故選B。
43. A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, since they need nt nly sunshine and carbn dixide t grw, but als nutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會改變海洋的主要特征，并會影響浮游植物的生長。由此可判斷“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響?？芍狝項正確。
44. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters ,such as thse f the Arctic, a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會使浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，而這些水域會變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，浮游動植物就更多了，這些水域會變得更綠了。分析選項可知D項符合題意。45. C【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長”?？芍疚闹饕忉寶夂蜃兓瘜Ｑ蟮挠绊憽９蔬xC。
8.2019年江蘇卷之B篇
In the 1960s，while studying the vlcanic histry f Yellwstne Natinal Park，Bb Christiansen became puzzled abut smething that，ddly，had nt trubled anyne befre:he culdn't find the park's vlcan. It had been knwn fr a lng time that Yellwstne was vlcanic in nature — that's what accunted fr all its ht springs and ther steamy features. But Christiansen culdn't find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.
Mst f us，when we talk abut vlcanes，think f the classic cne(圓錐體)shapes f a Fuji r Kilimanjar，which are created when erupting magma(巖漿)piles up. These can frm remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised t see smke rising frm a small part f his land. In ne week he was the cnfused wner f a cne five hundred feet high. Within tw years it had tpped ut at almst furteen hundred feet and was mre than half a mile acrss. Altgether there are sme ten thusand f these vlcanes n Earth，all but a few hundred f them extinct. There is，hwever，a secnd les knwn type f vlcan that desn't invlve muntain building. These are vlcanes s explsive that they burst pen in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hle，the caldera. Yellwstne bviusly was f this secnd type，but Christiansen culdn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs' centers. As sn as Christiansen saw the phts，he realized why he had failed t spt the caldera; almst the whle park-2.2 millin acres—was caldera. The explsin had left a hle mre than frty miles acrss—much t huge t be seen frm anywhere at grund level. At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellwstne？
A. Its cmplicated gegraphical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence n turism.
C. The mysterius histry f the park.D. The exact lcatin f the vlcan.
59. What des the secnd-paragraph mainly talk abut？
A. The shapes f vlcanes.
B. The impacts f vlcanes.
C. The activities f vlcanes.
D. The heights f vlcanes.
60. What des the underlined wrd "blw-up" in the last paragraph mst prbably mean？
A. Ht-air balln.B. Digital camera.
C. Big phtgraph.D. Bird's view.
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。講述了二十世紀(jì)六十年代Bb Christiansen在研究黃石公園的火山歷史時，奇怪地發(fā)現(xiàn)到處看不到火山的影子，原來，這兒的火山并不是像我們大部分人想象的那種圓錐體形狀的高聳的樣子，而是一個巨大的洞，這個洞太大了以至于從地面上的任何地方都看不見。
58.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句But Christiansen culdn’t find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到處看不到火山。故選D。
59.A 【解析】主旨大意題。本段講述了兩種形狀的火山，一種是通常人們所理解的由火山巖漿堆積形成的圓錐體，還有一種極具爆發(fā)力的火山，它們會在一個大裂縫中爆裂，留下一個巨大的洞，故選A。
60.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs’ centers.可知，美國國家航空和宇宙航行局為測試一些新的高海拔照相機而拍攝了黃石公園的照片。一位深思熟慮的官員把其中的一些照片副本轉(zhuǎn)交給了公園管理部門，認(rèn)為他們可能會將其放大以供一個游客中心展示。故可知，此處意為將照片放大，選C。
9.2019年浙江卷之C篇
Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr(因素).
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46, 000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces(資源).
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
27. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B. The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C. The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D. The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.
28. Which f the fllwing is well-intentined but may be bad fr big trees?
A. Eclgical studies f frests.
B. Banning wdcutting.
C. Limiting husing develpment.
D. Fire cntrl measures.
29. What is a majr cause f the water shrtage accrding t Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snwmelt.B. A lnger dry seasn.
C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness f the air.
30. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Califrnia's Frests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gne?
B. Cutting f Big Trees t Be Prhibited in Califrnia SnC. Why Are the Big Trees Imprtant t Califrnia Frests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grw Mre Big Trees in Califrnia
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文，根據(jù)一項研究表明，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A 【解析】主旨大意題。在第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說明了大樹損失在各個地區(qū)的嚴(yán)重程度，沒有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。
28. D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces（資源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同時，使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹，它們與大樹爭奪資源，這對大樹產(chǎn)生了不利的影響，故選D。
29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snwmelt, …可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是氣溫的上升，以及較早的融雪，故選C。
30.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個主要因素。全文圍繞“加州森林的大樹都去哪兒了”話題展開，故選項A符合題意。
10.2018年江蘇卷之B篇
In the 1760s, Mathurin Rze pened a series f shps that basted(享有) a special meat sup called cnsmmé. Althugh the main attractin was the sup, Rze's chain shps als set a new standard fr dining ut, which helped t establish Rze as the inventr f the mdern restaurant.
Tday, schlars have generated large amunts f instructive research abut restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves abut 20 percent mre pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their fd. When a dark-clred cake was served n a black plate rather than a white ne, custmers recgnized it as sweeter and mre tasty.
Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, nne the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.
Time is mney, but that principle means different things fr different types f restaurants. Unlike fast-fd places, fine dining shps prefer custmers t stay lnger and spend. One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pp, music was playing, diners spent mre. Fast music hurried diners ut.
Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草) stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.
Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding. high prices — dn't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next t the kitchen dr, say — spent nearly as much as thers but sn fled. It can be cncluded that restaurant keepers need nt "be verly cncerned abut ‘bad’ tables," given that they're prfitable. As fr crwds, a Hng Kng study fund that they increased a restaurant's reputatin, suggesting great fd at fair prices. And dubling a buffet's price led custmers t say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were .
A. nt aware f eating mre than usual
B. nt willing t share fd with thers
C. nt cnscius f the fd quality
D. nt fnd f the fd prvided
59. Hw culd a fine dining shp make mre prfit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Intrducing lemn scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates f larger size.
60. What des the last paragraph talk abut?
A. Tips t attract mre custmers.
B. Prblems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways t imprve restaurants' reputatin.
D. Cmmn misunderstandings abut restaurants.
【文章大意】本文為說明文，介紹了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營困境和解決方案，介紹了刺激消費和食欲的幾種方法，以及人們對餐廳就餐的一些錯誤認(rèn)識。
58.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段劃線部分的前句they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else,可知在黑暗中，他們說不清自己吃了多少，再根據(jù)劃線后 的句子they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.可知他們雖然吃得很多，但并沒有感覺更飽，仍然在等著吃甜點，所以他們沒有意識到自己吃多了，所以A正確。
59.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特）可知，要想讓客人呆的時間更長應(yīng)該播放莫扎特等古典音樂而不是流行音樂。Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草）stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.引入薰衣草香而不是檸檬香，而D項文章沒有提及，所以用排除方法可以選A。
60.D 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding，high prices — dn't necessarily.可知你認(rèn)為可能會影響人們消費的因素如不好的桌子，擁擠以及高價等不一定會真影響人們的消費，然后依次舉例進行了證明，所以本段主要講的是人們對于飯店的幾個誤解，故選D。