(新高考)高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第3部分 書面表達(dá) 層級4+第5講　概要寫作 (含答案)

這是一份(新高考)高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第3部分 書面表達(dá) 層級4+第5講　概要寫作 (含答案)，共12頁。學(xué)案主要包含了題型特點，注意事項，寫作步驟，六段等內(nèi)容，歡迎下載使用。
www.ks5u.com第5講　概要寫作概要寫作實際上就是對所讀過的文章簡要而概括地寫出文章的中心大意。寫概要時，考生要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的句子。寫概要也不是把細(xì)節(jié)性的信息作為中心，而是要通過對文章中的單詞、短語和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，重新組織文章的信息，再用合適的語言進(jìn)行表述。這種寫作形式能考查考生的閱讀理解能力和對文章的大意進(jìn)行歸納概括、重新構(gòu)造、創(chuàng)新輸出的能力。 一、題型特點要求考生進(jìn)行概要寫作的閱讀材料原文詞數(shù)一般為300詞左右。文章體裁可以是記敘文、說明文或者議論文。寫作要求考生在對原文閱讀后根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫出一篇約60詞的內(nèi)容概要。概要所用語句既要用詞準(zhǔn)確，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，語義連貫，不得抄寫原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事項1．詞數(shù)要限制在60詞左右，上下限不得超過10個單詞。2．要根據(jù)文章的體裁特點進(jìn)行概要寫作。3．人稱和時態(tài)要與所給文章中的人稱和時態(tài)保持一致，但必要時也可變換成第三人稱。4．寫作時盡可能地使用復(fù)合句，必要時可轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、寫作步驟第一步：仔細(xì)審題速讀文章，確定文章的體裁和題材、人稱和時態(tài)以及寫作要求等。第二步：細(xì)讀全文閱讀語篇時，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文圈出記敘文的六要素(who, when, where, what, how, why)，如果是夾敘夾議文，還要寫出故事給讀者帶來的啟示或寓意說明文找出文章要說明的對象、觀點或建議議論文提取議論文的三要素(論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論) 第三步：初寫成文初寫概要時，根據(jù)文章不同的文體可采取以下方法：記敘文先用一兩句話串聯(lián)人、時、地、事等要素，再用三到五個句子簡要描述事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果說明文找出要說明對象的現(xiàn)象、原因等或解決問題的措施、建議等議論文把議論文的三個要素(論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)進(jìn)行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之語義上具有邏輯性和連貫性第四步：潤色升級初寫成文后，要對概要進(jìn)行潤色升級，使用高級詞匯和高級句式代替平庸詞匯和一般句式，使之錦上添花。第五步：復(fù)查定稿寫好概要后，要從語法和語義角度進(jìn)行通讀。對語法錯誤和語義不連貫處進(jìn)行修改潤色。最后規(guī)范謄寫在答題卷的指定位置。典例一閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school, I was driving to my parents' home in Missouri for Christmas.I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款臺), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me.It was the couple. They said they would take me.We chatted and when I got out of the car, the husband gave me his business card.I wrote them a thank-you note.Soon afterward, I received a Christmas present from them.Their note that came with it said that helping me had made their holidays meaningful.Years later, I drove to a meeting in the morning.In late afternoon I found that I'd left the lights on all day, and the battery was dead.Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealership was right next door.I walked over and found two salesmen in the showroom.“Just how friendly is Friendly Ford？” I asked and explained my trouble.They quickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it.They would accept no payment, so later, I wrote them a note to say thanks.I received a letter back from one of the salesmen.No one had ever written him and say thank you, and it meant a lot, he said.“Thank you” — two powerful words.They're easy to say and mean so much.[寫作步驟]第一步：仔細(xì)審題1．定體裁：記敘文。2．定人稱：第一、三人稱。3．定時態(tài)：以一般過去時為主。第二步：細(xì)讀全文whoI, an older couple, two salesmenwhenmany years ago, years laterwherea gas station, on the way to a meetingwhatthe author accepted others' help and wrote thank-you notes to themwhythe author's car broke down and had to ask others for helphowthe author learned a lot from sending thank-you notes to others第三步：初寫成文①In this passage, the author told us his two experiences of being helped by the strangers. ②And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank-you notes to the strangers.③They had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car. ④Through the two experiences, he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much.第四步：潤色升級對初寫成文進(jìn)行潤色升級如下：1．把初寫成文中第①句中的told us替換成“描述”。told us→described2．把初寫成文中第①句中的of being helped by the strangers升級成定語從句。In this passage, the author told us his two experiences where he was helped by the strangers．3．把初寫成文中的第②③句合為一個定語從句。And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank-you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car.第五步：復(fù)查定稿In this passage, the author described his two experiences where he was helped by the strangers. (要點1)And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank-you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car.(要點2)Through the two experiences, he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much.(要點3)典例二閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。The guest speaker is a person who is asked to speak at an event.The person is usually not deeply connected with the event.Instead the guest speaker may support the event by sharing knowledge, offering support, or entertaining others.Speakers may give a special speech at the beginning, praising the efforts of community workers, or interesting children or college students in an educational or informative way.In each case, they are defined (給……下定義) by the fact that they will speak or otherwise communicate, and they have been invited to do so.Even in the smallest events, the guest speaker can be well worth hearing.Coming from outside of the shared opinion of those organizing or attending an event, they often bring something new to it and provide great fodder (草料) for future conversations.Typically, their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.Clearly the successful guest speaker must be able to make a speech that will be enjoyed and well received by the audience (聽眾)．Some preparation is necessary, and some speakers fully write speeches or memorize them.It helps very much if the guest speaker is given information on how long he or she should speak, and perhaps what topics would be of most interest to the audience.Almost equal in importance is an introduction to the guest speaker, which should also be well prepared.Especially in large event settings, the person making the introduction should give a little information about the background of the speaker, name some of his or her achievements, and then perhaps suggest why the speaker is present.One of the reasons that these introductions can fail sometimes is that the person doing the introduction doesn't really know who the speaker is, which is why introductions take some preparation.It may be necessary to do a little reading on the history or background of the speaker to make certain that the introduction is flattering (討人歡喜的) and provides exact information.[寫作思路與分析]此題要求根據(jù)所給短文進(jìn)行概要寫作。 概要寫作需按一定的步驟進(jìn)行，合理的步驟能確保順利完成寫作任務(wù)。本文可按如下步驟展開：步驟一：瀏覽全文，了解短文大意首先，應(yīng)通讀短文，理解短文大意，掌握短文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。本文是說明文，分為4個段落，主要向讀者說明了應(yīng)邀發(fā)言者的概念及相關(guān)的一些情況。步驟二：細(xì)讀文章，找出關(guān)鍵信息找準(zhǔn)文章關(guān)鍵信息是概要寫作最重要的前提和依據(jù)。羅列關(guān)鍵信息可避免遺漏重要內(nèi)容。guest speaker步驟三：陳列概要要點，整合要點成句這個環(huán)節(jié)要求把每個段落的關(guān)鍵信息形成合理的句子。關(guān)鍵信息形成合理的句子后才能整合成篇章。合理的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和句型能夠幫助濃縮語言內(nèi)容。具體如下：(一)要點陳列：1．The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event. 2．The guest speaker usually has little to do with the event. 3．The guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.4．The guest speaker can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.5．They add new views to the event.6．Their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.7．The successful guest speaker must be able to make a speech that pleases the audience.8．Some preparation work is necessary.9．An introduction to the guest speaker is of equal importance.10．Those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.(二)整合成句：要點1為主題句，保留。使用讓步狀語從句，將要點2－3整合為：Though usually having little to do with the event, the guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.使用“so”連接句子，將要點4－5整合為：Guest speakers usually add new views to the event, so they can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.使用非謂語動詞和連詞“because”連接句子，將要點6－8整合為：To make a speech that pleases the audience, guest speakers should do some preparation work, because their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.使用動詞的非謂語形式，將要點9－10整合為：Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.步驟四：連句成篇，初步成文把句子整合成篇章，應(yīng)按行文邏輯進(jìn)行寫作，可以打破段落主旨的前后關(guān)系，盡量把多個句子的信息合理整合在一個句子當(dāng)中。整合過程中應(yīng)使用多種語言結(jié)構(gòu)和句型，避免照抄原文。形成概要初稿如下：The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event.Though usually having little to do with the event, the guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.Guest speakers usually add new views to the event, so they can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.To make a speech that pleases the audience, guest speakers should do some preparation work, because their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.步驟五：適當(dāng)修飾，完善寫作可以從詞匯應(yīng)用和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的豐富性和準(zhǔn)確性以及上下文的連貫性等幾個角度考慮，同時注意詞數(shù)要求，形成概要終稿如下：The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event.(要點1)Though usually having little to do with it, they may contribute to the event.(要點2)Guest speakers usually add new perspectives, so they can be well worth hearing however small the events may be.(要點3)To make a speech that caters to the audience, they should do some preparation work for the purpose of being successful.(要點4)Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce them should make some preparations.(要點5)典例三閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.It is an important sign of what is happening in your body—physically, emotionally and mentally.Sounds strange? It is true and here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.When you feel hungry, try to figure out if you are really hungry.Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.It is possible that you have been dehydrated (脫水) for a long time and your body is sending a signal through your hunger.So instead of eating, go for water and quench your thirst at the earliest.If you feel hungry all the time, it could mean that you are depriving (剝奪) yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these.If you are on a strict diet, then go for foods and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates (碳水化合物) like quinoa and brown rice that will take you a long time to digest and will keep you full for a long period of time.You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.This is because you become emotional about certain foods.For example, if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary, you might end up having a desire for the cake that you brought to celebrate the special occasion. This is called emotional eating.Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.When you end up working at a stretch, and you do not realize that your body needs rest, you can end up feeling hungry as it is a way your body is telling you to break free from work.Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry.It is the body's way of telling you that you need a change of scene.Go out, take a walk, talk to your dearest friend or simply take some deep breaths.Even after this, if you feel hungry, do eat.[寫作思路與分析]此題要求根據(jù)所給短文進(jìn)行概要寫作。概要寫作需按一定的步驟進(jìn)行，合理的步驟能確保順利完成寫作任務(wù)。本文可按如下步驟展開：步驟一：瀏覽全文，了解短文大意首先，通讀短文，理解短文大意，理清短文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。本文是一篇說明文，共分為6個段落。文章主要介紹了饑餓的五個信號。這些信號產(chǎn)生的時候我們不一定是真的餓了，可能是你的身體有別的需求。在閱讀的過程中，注意把握短文的邏輯關(guān)系，注意一些重要的提示詞。比如第一段最后一句，暗示下文將給出饑餓可能給你哪些信號。第二至六段向我們具體介紹了饑餓感給出的5種不同的信號，即：口渴；缺乏某種食物；情感需求；休息的需求；無聊或壓力。注意一些關(guān)鍵的詞語或類似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于快速理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，又可以避免遺漏關(guān)鍵信息。例如文中第2～6段分別用了If you feel hungry ..., You might ..., Sometimes ..., Sometimes when ..., you might ...這些類似的句型表明這五段內(nèi)容呈并列關(guān)系。步驟二：細(xì)讀文章，找出關(guān)鍵信息理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)后再次細(xì)讀，找到每段的關(guān)鍵詞或主要信息是概要寫作的重要步驟。清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)有助于保證概要寫作的完整性，避免遺漏重要內(nèi)容。(一)文章結(jié)構(gòu)：(二)整合信息：細(xì)讀段落，找出每個段落的主旨句和關(guān)鍵詞，區(qū)別段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas, examples 和additional information。正確的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句是概要寫作最重要的內(nèi)容和依據(jù)。如第一段：...here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.(main idea)如第二段：Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.(supporting idea)如第三段：If you are on a strict diet, then go for foods and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates like quinoa and brown rice ...(example)如第四段：You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.This is because you become emotional about certain foods.(supporting idea)For example if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary, you might end up having a desire for the cake that you brought to celebrate the special occasion.(example)如第五、六段：Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry. (supporting ideas )步驟三：陳列概要要點，整合要點成句這個環(huán)節(jié)要求把每個段落的關(guān)鍵詞組成合理的句子。關(guān)鍵詞形成合理的句子后才能整合成篇章。合理的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和句型能夠幫助濃縮語言內(nèi)容。具體如下：(一)要點陳列：1．Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.2．We shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.3．Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.4．If you feel hungry all the time, it could mean that you are depriving yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these.5．You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.6．This is called emotional eating.7．Your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.8．Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry.It is the body's way of telling you that you need a change of scene.(二)整合成句：要點1和2整合成一句：用連接副詞和代詞Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.However, it is trying to tell you other things.要點3和4整合成一句：使用v.-ing作主語和名詞性從句Being thirsty for a long time or having a desire for certain foods may make you feel hungry.要點5和6整合成一句：使用定語從句Sometimes, you might get hungry for a certain kind of food, which is called emotional eating.要點7和8整合成一句：使用such as及andOther factors, such as lack of rest or being bored and stressed out make you feel hungry.步驟四：連句成篇，初步成文把句子整合成篇章，應(yīng)按行文邏輯進(jìn)行寫作，可以打破段落主旨的前后關(guān)系，盡量把多個句子的信息合理整合在一個句子當(dāng)中。整合過程中應(yīng)使用多種語言結(jié)構(gòu)和句型，避免照抄原文。形成概要初稿如下：Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.However, it is trying to tell you other things.For example, being thirsty for a long time or having a desire for certain foods may make you feel hungry.Sometimes, you might get hungry for a certain kind of food, which is called emotional eating.Besides, other factors, such as lack of rest or being bored and stressed out, might make you feel hungry.步驟五：適當(dāng)修飾，完善寫作可以從詞匯應(yīng)用和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的豐富性和準(zhǔn)確性以及上下文的連貫性等幾個角度考慮，同時注意詞數(shù)要求，形成概要終稿如下：Many factors can explain why your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.(要點1)First, when you are thirsty and having a desire for a certain food, you will feel hungry.(要點2)Besides, you might be hungry when you become emotional about certain foods on some special occasions.(要點3)Moreover, lack of rest or feeling stressed out can also lead to your hunger.(要點4)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Many seniors feel pressured to go straight  from high school to college — but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year, didn't give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine.The non-profit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people.“I can say I'm living the dream，” Olson said.“This is something I've always wanted to do.”Taking a year off before college, commonly known as a gap year, is becoming more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013． Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel around the world, or save money for college.Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she's had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it.Olson's volunteer work centers around Derby, a 1-year-old black dog.“My job is to raise him to be well-mannered and socialized，” she said.“Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.”Of course, there's an end in sight for Derby and Olson's close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him.While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she's seen major success. In fact, she'll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology.“I think I'm already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters，” she said.“So many kids do come back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared.”__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[參考范文]Unlike many other high school graduates, Olson was determined to take advantage of her gap year to train a guide dog, which was what she longed to do for a long time.(要點1)Not only did Olson accomplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work — to help people with visual disabilities, (要點2) but also she herself benefited much from this experience.(要點3)